Exploring choices of early nutritional support for patients with sepsis based on changes in intestinal microecology

Table 1 Comparison of the general information among the three groups of individuals

Indicator	TEN (n = 10)	TPN (n = 10)	SPN (n = 10)	H/F/χ2/Z/t value	P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	59.20 ± 12.52	54.30 ± 15.10	59.30 ± 16.33	0.46	0.63
Sex
Male (case, %)	8 (80)	8 (80)	8 (80)	0.00	1.00
Female (case, %)	2 (20)	2 (20)	2 (20)
Underlying disease
Hypertension (case, %)	4 (40)	3 (30)	5 (50)	0.83	0.65
Diabetes (case, %)	2 (20)	4 (40)	2 (20)	1.36	0.50
Malignant tumor (case, %)	0 (0)	2 (20)	2 (20)	2.30	0.31
APACHE II score on day 1 (points, mean ± SD)	14.10 ± 2.84	15.30 ± 4.73	19.50 ± 7.38	2.12	0.14
SOFA score on day 1 (points, mean ± SD)	5.40 ± 1.51	9.60 ± 1.95	10.20 ± 4.10	5.53	0.10
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	23.90 ± 2.79	26.84 ± 3.89	26.05 ± 2.67	1.90	0.17
NUTRIC score on day 1
≥ 6 points (case, %)	3 (30)	6 (60)	6 (60)	2.40	0.30
< 6 points (case, %)	7 (70)	4 (40)	4 (40)
REE on day 1 [kcal, M (P25, P75)]	1950.00 (1759.28, 2050.72)	1900 (1726.40, 2073.59)	2036 (1882.46, 2189.53)	2.49	0.28

APACHE II score: Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation II Scoring System; SOFA score: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score; BMI: Body mass index; NUTRIC score: Nutritional Risk Rating Instrument for Critically Ill Patients; REE: Resting energy expenditure; TEN: Total enteral nutrition; TPN: Total parenteral nutrition; SPN: Supplemental parenteral nutrition.

Table 2 Effect of different nutritional modalities on immune and nutritional indicators in patients with sepsis

Indicator	TEN (n = 20)				SPN (n = 20)				TPN (n = 20)
	Day 1 (n = 10)	Day 5 (n = 10)	t/Z value	P value	Day 1 (n = 10)	Day 5 (n = 10)	t/Z value	P value	Day 1 (n = 10)	Day 5 (n = 10)	t/Z value	P value
CD3+ T cell [%, M (P25, P75)]	69.85 (63.62, 78.77)	77.77 (69.40, 80.48)	2.09	0.03	71.33 (64.42, 76.50)	72.25 (64.59, 82.59)	1.78	0.07	74.21 (59.82, 83.43)	74.80 (67.23, 82.74)	0.76	0.44
CD3+ CD4+ T cell [%, M (P25, P75)]	36.40 (29.47, 43.39)	40.39 (36.96, 46.50)	1.98	0.04	38.21 (32.22, 57.15)	47.37 (35.61, 58.27)	1.17	0.24	38.12 (29.23, 46.40)	45.67 (28.13, 51.69)	1.37	0.16
CD19+ B cell [%, M (P25, P75)]	17.04 (11.55, 21.27)	14.11 (8.99, 18.03)	1.98	0.04	16.80 (10.70, 25.14)	9.75 (6.47, 16.59)	2.09	0.03	14.35 (6.62, 22.89)	12.78 (6.93, 23.61)	1.02	0.30
IgA (g/L mean ± SD)	2.53 ± 1.18	2.93 ± 0.93	1.97	0.08	2.15 ± 0.83	2.91 ± 1.19	3.87	0.00	2.10 ± 1.13	2.45 ± 0.73	1.44	0.18
IgG (g/L, mean ± SD)	11.75 ± 3.46	15.19 ± 5.84	3.10	0.01	9.05 ± 3.78	13.77 ± 4.52	5.48	0.00	9.32 ± 3.89	12.15 ± 3.85	3.48	0.00
IgM (g/L, mean ± SD)	0.81 ± 0.36	1.11 ± 0.48	1.49	0.16	0.95 ± 0.44	1.12 ± 0.75	1.11	0.29	0.77 ± 3.89	0.89 ± 0.46	1.02	0.33
C3 (g/L, mean ± SD)	0.99 ± 0.30	1.21 ± 0.23	2.84	0.01	0.81 ± 0.21	1.07 ± 0.23	4.73	0.00	0.77 ± 0.25	0.88 ± 0.33	0.95	0.36
C4 (g/L, mean ± SD)	0.19 ± 0.04	0.22 ± 0.05	2.08	0.06	0.19 ± 0.07	0.22 ± 0.07	3.64	0.00	0.17 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.08	1.75	0.11
Albumin (g/L, mean ± SD)	27.14 ± 3.18	29.89 ± 3.61	3.04	0.01	27.74 ± 3.45	30.97 ± 2.63a	2.68	0.02	28.10 ± 3.37	27.73 ± 2.64	0.24	0.81
Pre-albumin (g/L, mean ± SD)	0.10 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.07a	3.88	0.00	0.08 ± 0.41	0.13 ± 0.05	3.42	0.00	0.10 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.03	0.47	0.64
Transferrin (g/L, mean ± SD)	0.01 ± 0.28	0.01 ± 0.28	1.52	0.15	1.16 ± 0.36	1.36 ± 0.51	2.67	0.02	1.05 ± 0.30	1.20 ± 0.37	1.11	0.29

^aP ≤ 0.05 compared with the enteral nutrition group.

TEN: Total enteral nutrition; TPN: Total parenteral nutrition; SPN: Supplemental parenteral nutrition; day 1: Before nutrition support; day 5: After nutrition support; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; IgG: Immunoglobulin G.