Inverse correlation between gastroesophageal reflux disease and atrophic gastritis assessed by endoscopy and serology

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population

	GERD group (n = 4684)	Healthy group (n = 21901)	P value
Age	50.9 ± 11.5	50.7 ± 11.1	0.330
Sex			< 0.001
Female	1305 (27.9%)	10265 (46.9%)
Male	3379 (72.1%)	11636 (53.1%)
BMI			< 0.001
< 23	1657 (35.4%)	11079 (50.6%)
23-25	1278 (27.3%)	5346 (24.4%)
≥ 25	1748 (37.3%)	5476 (25.0%)
Abdominal obesity	2109 (45.0%)	7802 (35.6%)	< 0.001
High B	2028 (43.3%)	7795 (35.6%)	< 0.001
Hyperglycemia	2168 (46.3%)	8451 (38.6%)	< 0.001
Hypertriglycemia	1267 (27.0%)	4136 (18.9%)	< 0.001
Low-HDL	853 (18.2%)	4214 (19.2%)	0.108
Metabolic syndrome	1437 (30.7%)	4920 (22.5%)	< 0.001
Medication of sedatives or hypnotics	149 (3.2%)	704 (3.2%)	0.942
Alcohol consumption	1010 (21.6%)	3449 (15.7%)	< 0.001
Smoking history			< 0.001
Never smoker	2188 (46.7%)	12759 (58.3%)
Ex-smoker	1444 (30.8%)	5764 (26.3%)
Current smoker	1052 (22.5%)	3378 (15.4%)
Insufficient physical activity	1578 (33.7%)	6998 (32.0%)	0.022
Having large meal	577 (12.3%)	2250 (10.3%)	< 0.001
High fat diet	1631 (34.8%)	6847 (31.3%)	< 0.001
High salt diet	624 (13.3%)	2414 (11.0%)	< 0.001
High caffeine intake	1427 (30.5%)	6200 (28.3%)	0.003
Seropositivity for H. Pylori IgG Ab	1068 (25.3%)	8453 (43.4%)	< 0.001

Ab: Antibody; BMI: Body mass index; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; HDL: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; H. Pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IgG: Immunoglobulin G.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis on the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (10 yr)	1.01	0.99-1.04	0.319	1.10	1.06-1.14	< 0.001
Male sex	2.28	2.13-2.45	< 0.001	1.96	1.79-2.15	< 0.001
BMI
< 23	Reference			Reference
23-25	1.60	1.48-1.73	< 0.001	1.27	1.16-1.39	< 0.001
> 25	2.13	1.98-2.30	< 0.001	1.51	1.37-1.67	< 0.001
Metabolic syndrome	1.53	1.42-1.64	< 0.001	1.12	1.03-1.22	0.008
Medication of sedatives or hypnotics	0.99	0.83-1.18	0.906	1.01	0.83-1.22	0.919
Alcohol intake	1.47	1.36-1.59	< 0.001	1.10	1.00-1.21	0.043
Smoking history
Never smoker	Reference			Reference
Ex-smoker	1.46	1.36-1.57	< 0.001	0.97	0.88-1.06	0.439
Current smoker	1.82	1.67-1.97	< 0.001	1.26	1.14-1.39	< 0.001
Low level of physical activity	1.08	1.01-1.16	0.021	1.06	0.98-1.14	0.132
Having large meal	1.23	1.11-1.35	< 0.001	1.06	0.95-1.18	0.304
High fat diet	1.17	1.10-1.26	< 0.001	1.00	0.93-1.08	0.992
High salt diet	1.24	1.13-1.36	< 0.001	1.07	0.96-1.19	0.195
High caffeine intake	1.11	1.04-1.19	0.003	0.97	0.90-1.05	0.464
Seropositivity for H. Pylori IgG Ab	0.44	0.41-0.47	< 0.001	0.49	0.45-0.54	< 0.001

Ab: Antibody; BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; H. Pylori: Helicobacter pylori.