Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 7, 2022; 28(5): 547-569
Published online Feb 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i5.547
Table 1 Clinicoepidemological and clinicopathological parameters of study population (n = 71)
Characteristics
n (%)
Age in years
< 5021 (29.58)
≥ 5050 (70.42)
Gender
Male38 (53.52)
Female33 (46.48)
Dwelling
Rural47 (66.20)
Urban24 (33.80)
Social class22 (30.99)
Low
Middle and high49 (69.01)
Family history
Yes20 (28.17)
No51 (71.83)
Smoking status
Yes40 (56.34)
No31(43.66)
Lifestyle
Active31 (43.66)
Sedentary40 (56.34)
Salt tea intake
Yes65 (91.55)
No06 (8.45)
Red meat consumption
Yes59 (83.10)
No12 (16.90)
Sundried vegetables
Yes48 (67.61)
No23 (32.39)
Source of drinking water
Tap water (R)46 (64.79)
Tap water (L)07 (9.86)
Others118 (25.35)
Pickles
Yes41 (57.75)
No30 (42.25)
Pesticide exposure
Yes33 (46.48)
No38 (53.52)
Junk food consumption
Yes05 (7.04)
No66 (92.96)
Site of tumor
Colon36 (50.70)
Rectum20 (28.17)
Rectosigmoid15 (21.13)
Tumor differentiation
Well18 (25.35)
Moderate46 (64.79)
Poor07 (9.86)
Invasion depth
T108 (11.27)
T222 (30.99)
T331 (43.66)
T410 (14.08)
T1 + T230 (42.25)
T3 + T441 (57.75)
TNM staging
I25 (35.21)
II25 (35.21)
III18 (25.35)
IV03 (4.22)
I + II50 (70.42)
III + IV21 (29.58)
Tumor grade
118 (25.35)
246 (64.79)
307 (9.86)
DUKE stage
A05 (7.04)
B44 (61.97)
C22 (30.99)
Node status
051 (71.83)
1 and 220 (28.17)
LVI
Present54 (76.06)
Absent17 (23.94)
PNI
Present15 (21.12)
Absent56 (78.87)
TALNR
Present62 (87.32)
Absent09 (12.68)
Necrosis seen
Yes18 (25.35)
No53 (74.65)
Recurrence
Yes12 (16.90)
No59 (83.10)
Vital status
Alive66 (92.96)
Dead05 (7.04)
Table 2 Clinicopathological relevance of connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression in colorectal cancer patients as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
Characteristics
Normal expression (n = 14)
Overexpression (n = 57)
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Chi2
Age
< 502 (9.52)19 (90.48)Referent
≥ 5012 (24.00)38 (76.00)3.0 (0.6-29.9)0.161.95
Gender
Male4 (10.53)34 (89.47)Referent
Female10 (30.30)23 (69.70)3.6 (0.9-17.8)0.037a4.36
Dwelling
Rural11 (23.40)36 (76.60)Referent
Urban3 (12.50)21 (87.50)0.5 (0.1-2.1)0.271.19
Social class
Low7 (31.82)15 (68.18)Referent
Middle and high7 (14.29)42 (85.71)0.4 (0.09-1.4)0.082.94
Family history
Yes3 (15.00)17 (85.00)Referent
No11 (21.57)40 (78.43)1.5 (0.3-9.7)0.530.39
Smoking status
Yes4 (10.00)36 (90.00)Referent
No10 (32.26)21 (67.74)4.3 (1.04-20.68)0.019a5.46
Lifestyle
Active8 (25.81)23 (74.19)Referent
Sedentary6 (15.00)34 (85.00)0.5 (0.1-1.1)0.251.28
Salt tea intake
Yes13 (20.00)52 (80.00)Referent
No1 (16.67)5 (83.33)0.8 (0.02-8.1)0.8440.03
Red meat consumption
Yes13 (22.03)46 (77.97)Referent
No1 (8.33)11 (91.67)0.3 (0.01-2.6)0.371.22
Sundried vegetables
Yes9 (18.75)39 (81.25)Referent
No5 (21.74)18 (78.26)1.2 (0.2-4.7)0.7670.08
Source of drinking water
Tap water (R)12 (26.09)34 (73.91)Referent
Tap water (L)1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.5 (0.01-5.3)
Others11 (5.56)17 (94.44)0.4 (0.04-2.4)0.541.21
Pickles
Yes8 (19.51)33 (80.49)Referent
No6 (20.00)24 (80.00)1.03 (0.3-3.9)1.0000.002
Pesticide exposure
Yes7 (21.21)26 (78.79)Referent
No7 (18.42)31 (81.58)0.84 (0.219-3.21)0.80.07
Junk food consumption
Yes0 (0)5 (100)Referent
No14 (21.21)52 (91.23)0 (0-3.08)0.251.32
Site of tumor
Colon7 (19.44)29 (80.56)Referent
Rectum6 (30.00)14 (70.00)1.8 (0.4-7.45)
Rectosigmoid1 (6.67)14 (93.33)0.3 (0.01-2.7)0.232.91
Tumor differentiation
Well8 (44.44)10 (55.56)
Moderate5 (10.87)41 (89.13)Referent
Poor1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.15 (0.03-0.7)0.009a9.35
Invasion depth
T15 (62.50)3 (37.50)
T27 (31.82)15 (68.18)Referent
T32 (6.45)29 (93.55)0.3 (0.03-2.0)0.001a17.21
T40 (0)10 (100)
T1 + T212 (40.00)18 (60.00)
T3 + T42 (4.88)39 (95.12)0.08 (0.008-0.4)0.000a13.5
TNM staging
I11 (44.00)14 (56.00)Referent
II2 (8.00)23 (92.00)0.1 (0.01-0.6)0.002a14.5
III1 (5.56)17 (94.44)0.07 (0.01-0.7)
IV0 (0)3 (100.00)0.040a4.21
I + II13 (26.00)37 (74.00)
III + IV1 (4.76)20 (95.24)0.1 (0.01-1.1)
Tumor grade
18 (44.44)10 (55.56)
25 (10.87)41 (89.13)Referent
31 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.1 (0.03-0.7)0.009a9.35
DUKE stage
A2 (2.82)3 (4.23)
B11 (15.49)33 (46.48)Referent
C1 (1.41)21 (29.58)0.5 (0.05-6.8)0.042a5.20
Node status
013 (25.49)38 (74.51)Referent
1 and 21 (5.00)19 (95.00)0.1 (0.003-1.2)0.041a3.81
LVI
Present8 (14.81)46 (85.19)Referent
Absent6 (35.29)11 (64.71)3.1 (0.7-12.7)0.0643.42
PNI
Present0 (0.00)15 (100)Referent
Absent14 (25.00)42 (75.00)0 (0-1.08)0.031a4.67
TALNR
Present11 (17.74)51 (82.26)Referent
Absent3 (33.33)6 (66.67)2.3 (0.32-12.8)0.2721.20
Necrosis seen
Yes17 (94.44)1 (5.56)Referent
No40 (75.47)13 (24.53)2.7 (0.5-27.7)0.0803.10
Recurrence
Yes0 (0)12 (100)Referent
No14 (23.73)45 (76.27)0 (0-1.08)0.0603.55
Vital status
Alive13 (19.70)53 (80.30)Referent
Death1 (20.00)4 (80.00)1.4 (0.02-1.9)0.850.07
Table 3 Clinicopathological relevance of connective tissue growth factor protein expression in colorectal cancer patients as determined by Western blot analysis
Characteristics
Normal expression (n = 28)
Overexpression (n = 43)
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Chi2
Age
< 506 (28.57)15 (71.43)Referent
≥ 5022 (44.00)28 (56.00)1.9 (0.6-7.1)0.221.47
Gender
Male12 (31.58)26 (68.42)Referent
Female16 (48.48)17 (51.52)2.03 (0.7-6.0)0.152.11
Dwelling
Rural20 (42.55)27 (57.45)Referent
Urban8 (33.33)16 (66.67)0.7 (0.21-2.1)0.450.57
Social class
Low10 (45.45)12 (54.55)Referent
Middle and high18 (36.73)31 (63.27)1.4 (0.5-4.5)0.570.48
Family history
Yes7 (35.00)13 (65.00)Referent
No21 (41.18)30 (58.82)0.7 (0.2-2.5)0.630.23
Smoking status
Yes11 (27.50)29 (72.50)Referent
No17 (54.84)14 (45.16)3.2 (1.1-9.7)0.019a5.46
Lifestyle
Active12 (38.71)19 (61.29)Referent
Sedentary16 (40.00)24 (60.00)1.05 (0.4-0.1)0.910.01
Salt tea intake
Yes25 (38.46)40 (61.54)Referent
No3 (50)3 (50)1.6 (0.2-12.8)0.580.30
Red meat consumption
Yes24 (40.68)35 (59.32)Referent
No4 (33.33)8 (66.67)0.7 (0.1-3.1)0.630.22
Sundried vegetables
Yes19 (39.58)29 (60.42)Referent
No9 (39.13)14 (60.87)1.0 (0.3-3.0)0.970.01
Source of drinking water
Tap water (R)20 (43.48)26 (56.52)Referent
Tap water (L)1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.21 (0.01-2.3)
Others17 (38.89)11 (61.11)1.3 (0.3-4.6)0.342.21
Pickles
Yes16 (39.02)25 (60.98)Referent
No12 (40)18 (60)1.04 (0.3-3.03)0.930.01
Pesticide exposure
Yes15 (45.45)18 (54.55)Referent
No13 (34.21)25 (65.79)0.624 (0.2-1.8)0.330.93
Junk food consumption
Yes0 (0)5 (100)Referent
No28 (42.42)38 (57.58)0 (0-1.1)0.063.5
Site of tumor
Colon12 (33.33)24 (66.67)Referent
Rectum12 (60)8 (40)3 (0.84-10.89)
Rectosigmoid4 (26.67)11 (73.33)0.7 (0.13-3.1)0.0775.12
Tumor differentiation
Well14 (77.78)4 (22.22)Referent
Moderate13 (28.26)33 (71.74)0.1 (0.02-0.5)
Poor1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.04 (0.01-0.64)0.000a15.33
Invasion depth
T17 (87.50)1 (12.50)
T213 (59.09)9 (40.91)Referent0.000a18.61
T37 (22.58)24 (77.42)0.04 (0.01-0.44)
T41 (10)9 (90)
T1 + T220 (66.67)10 (33.33)
T3 + T48 (19.51)33 (80.49)0.12 (0.03-0.4)0.000a16.12
TNM staging
I19 (76.00)6 (24.00)Referent
II7 (28.00)18 (72.00)0.12 (0.02-0.5)0.000a23.3
III2 (11.11)16 (88.89)0.04 (0.003-0.3)
IV0 (0.00)3 (100)0 (0-0.5)
I + II26 (52.00)24 (48.00)
III + IV2 (9.52)19 (90.48)0.1 (0.01-0.5)0.001a11.2
Tumor grade
114 (77.78)4 (22.22)Referent
213 (28.26)33 (71.74)0.1 (0.02-0.5)
31 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.05 (0.01-0.6)0.000a15.33
DUKE stage
A4 (80.00)1 (20.00)Referent
B22 (50.00)22 (50.00)4 (0.3-205)
C2 (9.09)20 (90.91)0.02 (0.01-0.5)0.001a13.9
Node status
026 (50.98)25 (49.02)Referent
1 and 22 (7.14)18 (41.86)0.10 (0.01-0.53)0.001a10.10
LVI
Present17 (31.48)37 (68.52)Referent
Absent11 (64.71)6 (35.29)0.2 (0.06-0.90)0.015a5.97
PNI
Present1 (6.67)14 (93.33)Referent
Absent27 (48.21)29 (51.79)0.1 (0.01-0.58)0.003a8.55
TALNR
Present25 (40.32)37 (59.68)Referent
Absent3 (33.33)6 (66.67)0.7 (0.11-3.9)0.6880.16
Necrosis seen
Yes2 (11.11)16 (88.89)Referent
No26 (49.06)27 (50.94)0.2 (0.03-0.76)0.004a8.10
Recurrence
Yes1 (8.33)11 (91.67)Referent
No27 (45.76)32 (54.24)0.3 (0.05-1.34)0.016a5.85
Vital status
Alive27 (40.91)39 (59.09)Referent
Death1 (20.00)4 (80.00)0.4 (0.007-3.9)0.360.85
Table 4 Clinicopathological relevance of connective tissue growth factor high and low expression status determined by immunohistochemistry in colorectal cancer patients
Characteristics
Low expression (n = 27)
High expression (n = 44)
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Chi2
Age
< 506 (28.57)15 (71.43)Referent
≥ 5021 (42.00)29 (58.00)1.8 (0.5-6.6)0.281.13
Gender
Male11 (28.95)27 (71.05)Referent
Female16 (48.48)17 (51.52)2.3 (0.8-6.9)0.092.86
Dwelling
Rural19 (40.43)28 (59.57)Referent
Urban8 (33.33)16 (66.67)0.7 (0.2-2.2)0.560.33
Social class
Low10 (45.45)12 (54.55)Referent
Middle and high17 (34.69)32 (65.31)1.5 (0.5-5.0)0.380.74
Family history
Yes7 (35.00)13 (65.00)Referent
No20 (39.22)31 (60.78)0.8 (0.2-2.7)0.740.10
Smoking status
Yes10 (25.00)30 (75.00)Referent
No17 (54.84)14 (45.16)3.6 (1.2-11.3)0.010a6.61
Lifestyle
Active12 (38.71)19 (61.29)Referent
Sedentary15 (37.50)25 (62.50)0.9 (0.3-2.8)0.920.01
Salt tea intake
Yes24 (36.92)41 (63.08)Referent
No3 (50.00)3 (50.00)1.7 (0.2-13.6)0.530.41
Red meat consumption
Yes23 (38.98)36 (61.02)Referent
No4 (33.33)8 (66.67)0.8 (0.15-3.3)0.710.13
Sundried vegetables
Yes19 (39.58)29 (60.42)Referent
No8 (34.78)15 (65.22)0.8 (0.2-2.5)0.700.15
Source of drinking water
Tap water (R)20 (43.48)26 (56.52)Referent
Tap water (L)1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.2 (0.004-2.06)
Others1 6 (33.33)12 (66.67)0.6 (0.2-2.3)0.292.41
Pickles
Yes16 (59.26)25 (56.82)Referent
No11 (40.74)19 (43.18)0.9 (0.3-2.6)0.840.04
Pesticide exposure
Yes15 (55.56)18 (40.91)Referent
No12 (44.44)26 (59.09)0.5 (0.2-1.6)0.231.4
Junk food consumption
Yes0 (0)5 (100)Referent
No27 (40.91)39 (59.09)0 (0-1.1)0.073.30
Site of tumor
Colon11 (30.56)25 (69.44)Referent
Rectum12 (60.00)8 (40.00)3.4 (0.9-12.5)
Rectosigmoid4 (26.67)11 (73.33)0.8 (0.1-3.7)0.065.81
Tumor differentiation
Well14 (77.78)4 (22.22)Referent
Moderate12 (26.09)34 (73.91)0.1 (0.02-0.4)
Poor1 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.05 (0.01-0.6)0.000a16.52
Invasion depth
T17 (25.93)1 (2.27)Referent
T212 (44.44)10 (22.73)0.2 (0.003-1.8)0.001a17.30
T37 (25.93)24 (54.550)0.04 (0.01-0.4)
T41 (3.70)9 (20.45)0.01 (0.01-0.40)
T1 + T219 (70.37)11 (25.00)
T3 + T48 (29.63)33 (75.00)0.14 (0.04-0.4)0.000a14.11
TNM staging
I18 (66.67)7 (15.91)Referent
II7 (25.93)18 (40.91)0.1 (0.03-0.6)0.000a20.7
III2 (7.41)16 (36.36)0.05 (0.01-0.3)
IV0 (0)3 (6.820)0 (0-0.6)
I + II25 (92.59)25 (56.82)
III + IV2 (7.41)19 (43.18)0.12 (0.01-0.5)0.001a10.31
Tumor grade
114 (77.78)4 (22.22)Referent
212 (26.09)34 (73.91)0.1 (0.02-0.4)
31 (14.29)6 (85.71)0.05 (0.01-0.6)0.000a16.52
DUKE stage
A4 (80.00)1 (20.00)Referent
B21 (47.73)23 (52.27)0.2 (0.004-2.6)
C2 (9.09)20 (90.91)0.02 (0.014-0.5)0.001a13.3
Node status
025 (49.02)26 (50.98)Referent
1 and 22 (10.00)18 (90.00)0.1 (0.01-0.6)0.002a9.30
LVI
Present17 (31.48)37 (68.52)Referent
Absent10 (58.82)7 (41.18)0.3 (0.1-1.13)0.043a4.11
PNI
Present1 (6.67)14 (93.33)Referent
Absent26 (46.43)30 (53.57)0.1 (0.002-0.6)0.020a5.42
TALNR
Present24 (38.71)38 (61.29)Referent
Absent3 (33.33)6 (66.67)0.8 (0.1-4.1)0.750.09
Necrosis seen
Yes24 (47.06)27 (52.94)Referent
No3 (15.00)17 (85.00)0.2 (0.03-0.82)0.012a6.21
Recurrence
Yes1 (8.33)11 (91.67)Referent
No26 (44.07)33 (55.93)0.11 (0.012-0.9)0.020a5.40
Vital status
Alive26 (39.39)40 (60.61)Referent
Death1 (20.00)4 (80.00)0.4 (0.07-4.2)0.3890.74
Table 5 Predictors for recurrence or mortality of colorectal cancer using extended cox-regression analysis model
CharacteristicsDisease-free survival
Overall survival
HR
95%CI
P value
HR
95%CI
P value
Age 1.660.4-6.40.451.030.9-1.10.32
Tumor differentiation1.130.5-2.70.793.10.7-14.40.15
Tumor grade1.120.4- 2.70.793.10.7-14.40.15
Depth invasion1.60.8-3.20.181.910.6-5.70.30
TNM stage2.81.38-5.970.005a3.71.1-12.70.043a
Duke stage 9.62.3-40.50.002a3.360.6-18.30.161
Node status0.080.02-0.370.001a0.250.04-1.50.139
Necrosis0.260.1-0.820.022a1.300.14-11.60.811
LVI0.250.05-1.20.0901.163.25e-170.08
PNI0.470.14-1.60.2300.160.02-0.980.041a
CTGF expression0.130.01-1.060.013a0.390.04-3.50.33