Salvia miltiorrhiza extract may exert an anti-obesity effect in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating gut microbiome and lipid metabolism

Table 1 Some metabolites detected in Salvia miltiorrhiza extract

Index	Compounds	Class I
pme2292	Putrescine	Alkaloids
pmf0096	Oxalic acid	Organic acids
Zmyn000268	2,3-Dihydroxypropanal	Others
pme2601	3-Hydroxypropanoic acid	Organic acids
MWS1787	2-Picoline; 2-Methylpyridine	Alkaloids
pma6298	3-Hydroxypyridine	Alkaloids
MWSmce460	2-Piperidone	Alkaloids
MWS1990	4-Pentenoic acid	Organic acids
MWSmce461	L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid	Alkaloids
MWStz073	5-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone	Alkaloids

Table 2 Species nodes

Node name	Degree	Weighted degree
g_Romboutsia	6	36385.41667
g_Aerococcus	6	13881.41667
g_Turicibacter	6	10477.08333
g_Quinella	6	269.16667
g_Facklamia	6	6077.25000
g_Corynebacterium	6	4418.00000
g_Desulfovibrio	6	2716.58333

Node name represent species nodes. Degree is the degree of the node. Weighted degree, which means the degree weight of the node, is the number of species sequences corresponding to the node.

Table 3 Differential metabolites in feces after Sal treatment

NO	Metabolite	Rt (min)	m/z	Formula	VIP		FC		Trend
					H vs C	S vs H	H vs C	S vs H	H vs C	S vs H
1	Cer (d18:0/20:4)	6.72	588.54	C38 H70 O3 N1	1.34	1.67	1.07	0.90	↓a	↑c
2	DG (14:0/22:6)	6.62	630.51	C39 H68 O5 N1	1.51	1.91	0.91	1.14	↑a	↓d
3	DG (22:6/22:6)	6.56	730.54	C47 H72 O5 N1	1.54	2.01	0.91	1.15	↑a	↓c
4	Hex1Cer (d18:0/16:0 + O)	6.01	718.58	C40 H80 O9 N1	1.07	1.01	1.03	1.01	↓a	↑c
5	Hex1Cer (d18:1/18:2 + 2O)	5.76	756.56	C42 H78 O10 N1	1.13	1.12	1.04	1.12	↓a	↑c
6	Hex1Cer (t18:0/16:0 + O)	5.79	734.58	C40 H80 O10 N1	1.26	1.20	1.05	1.20	↓a	↑c
7	Hex1Cer (t18:1/18:1 + 2O)	5.80	756.56	C47 H72 O5 N1	1.13	1.14	1.04	1.14	↓a	↑c
8	MGDG (16:1/17:2)	5.70	756.56	C47 H72 O5 N1	1.13	1.14	1.04	0.96	↓a	↑c
9	TG (6:0/9:0/18:2)	4.39	615.46	C36 H64 O6 Na1	1.23	1.36	0.95	1.06	↑a	↓c
10	TG (4:0/14:1/18:3)	6.29	631.49	C39 H67 O6	1.34	1.52	0.93	1.08	↑a	↓c
11	TG (12:1e/6:0/18:4)	5.82	615.50	C39 H67 O5	1.82	1.86	0.90	1.12	↑b	↓c
12	TG (16:0/14:0/22:6)	12.21	868.74	C55 H98 O6 N1	1.87	2.27	0.87	1.18	↑a	↓d
13	TG (16:0/18:2/20:5)	12.82	877.73	C57 H97 O6	1.46	1.68	0.94	1.08	↑a	↓c
14	TG (15:0/18:2/22:6)	11.72	895.74	C58 H96 O6 Li1	1.45	1.92	0.92	1.13	↑a	↓d
15	TG (18:2/18:2/20:4)	11.79	920.77	C59 H102 O6 N1	1.83	2.22	0.87	1.19	↑a	↓c
16	TG (16:0/18:2/22:6)	12.36	925.73	C59 H98 O6 Na1	2.24	3.01	0.80	1.36	↑a	↓e
17	TG (18:2/17:1/22:6)	11.60	921.75	C60 H98 O6 Li1	1.49	1.78	0.91	1.12	↑a	↓c
18	CL (18:2/18:1/18:1/20:0)	5.57	741.53	C83 H152 O17 P2	1.50	1.31	0.95	1.05	↑a	↓c
19	Cer (d16:0/21:0)	8.47	626.57	C38 H76 O5 N1	2.14	1.89	1.12	0.88	↓a	↑c
20	Cer (d16:1/24:1)	9.02	664.59	C41 H78 O5 N1	1.87	1.66	1.11	0.89	↓a	↑c
21	OAHFA (18:0/14:0)	5.70	756.56	C47 H72 O5 N1	1.32	1.18	0.95	0.94	↓a	↑c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

^cP < 0.05.

^dP < 0.01.

^eP < 0.01 vs high-fat diet (HFD) group.

Control, HFD, and Sal_M (n = 8 per group) groups. ↑: Metabolite content increased; ↓: Metabolite content decreased; C: Control group; H: High-fat diet group; S: Sal_M group.