Gut microbiota of hepatitis B virus-infected patients in the immune-tolerant and immune-active phases and their implications in metabolite changes

Table 1 Basic information and clinical characteristics of healthy individuals, immune-tolerant phase hepatitis B virus infection patients, and immune-active phase hepatitis B virus infection patients

Characteristic	H, n = 13	IT, n = 14	IA, n = 10	P value
Sex, M/F	9/4	9/5	7/3	0.949
Age in yr	26.4 ± 0.8	26.9 ± 5.8	36.2 ± 11.3	0.004
HBsAg as log10 IU/mL	NA	4.62 ± 0.18	3.83 ± 0.81	< 0.001
HBeAg as log10 S/Co	NA	3.18 ± 0.08	1.21 ± 1.70	< 0.001
HBV DNA as log10 IU/mL	NA	7.81 ± 0.80	6.28 ± 1.70	< 0.001
AFP in ng/mL	2.06 ± 0.82	2.49 ± 1.05	22.61 ± 40.82	0.045
TBIL in μmol/L	5.9 ± 3.1	12.7 ± 5.3	19.5 ± 9.2	< 0.001
ALB in g/L	48.8 ± 3.5	45.8 ± 2.9	43.0 ± 4.9	0.002
GLO in g/L	24.4 ± 4.0	26.6 ± 4.4	29.3 ± 4.3	0.017
ALT in U/L	22.0 (18.0, 29.0)	29.5 (23.7, 33.0)	277.5 (101.5, 410.8)	< 0.001
AST in U/L	16.0 (12.0, 22.0)	23.0 (19.5, 27.8)	111.0 (67.0, 143.5)	0.006
GGT in U/L	25.7 ± 11.5	18.5 ± 9.4	72.7 ± 64.9	0.001
TBA in μmol/L	2.3 (1.9, 3.4)	5.6 (4.2, 8.4)	13.9 (5.5, 31.1)	0.012
LSM in kPa	4.99 ± 0.99	5.11 ± 1.01	6.38 ± 0.72	0.026

H: Healthy; IT: Immune-tolerant; IA: Immune-active; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg: Hepatitis B virus e-antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; GLO: Globulin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; TBA: Total bile acid; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; M: Male; F: Female; NA: Not available.

Table 2 Species richness indices in the fecal samples

Group	Healthy controls, n = 14	IT phase HBV infection, n = 13	IA phase HBV infection, n = 10	P value
OTUs	633	662	489
α-diversity indexes, median
Chao1	264.310	233.825	227.000	0.924
Shannon	5.020	4.720	4.705	1.739
Simpson	0.940	0.885	0.915	1.666

IT: Immune-tolerant; IA: Immune-active; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; OTUs: Operational taxonomic units.