Preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography-based radiomics model for overall survival prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 The demographic and clinical-pathologic characteristics of patients

Variables	Training cohort (n = 107)	Validation cohort (n = 43)	P value
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	49.77 ± 10.57	50.35 ± 11.43	0.766
Sex (male/female)	94/13	36/7	0.501
Alcohol abuse (present/absent)	44/63	19/24	0.731
Tumor number (multiple/single)	22/85	10/33	0.716
Tumor diameter, cm (> 5/≤ 5)	69/38	24/19	0.322
MVI (present/absent)	46/61	17/26	0.698
Cirrhosis (present/absent)	100/7	36/7	0.123
TNM stage (I-II/III-IV)	54/53	18/25	0.340
BCLC stage (0-A/B-C)	61/46	20/23	0.243
WBC, × 109/L (median, IQR)	6.05 (5.00-7.3)	6.11 (5.04-8.04)	0.290
Platelets, × 109/L (mean ± SD)	190.75 ± 71.91	202.02 ± 79.32	0.401
LYMPH, × 109/L (median, IQR)	1.63 (1.19-1.94)	1.74 (1.35-2.04)	0.229
NEUT, × 109/L (median, IQR)	3.75 (2.68-4.07)	3.90 (2.85-5.17)	0.385
DB, μmol/L (median, IQR)	5.20 (4.20-5.81)	4.85 (3.68-5.56)	0.077
TB, μmol/L (median, IQR)	12.50 (9.43-15.91)	13.38 (8.93-17.11)	0.840
ALB, g/L (mean ± SD)	38.42 ± 4.30	36.87 ± 5.49	0.069
GLB, g/L (median, IQR)	31.80 (28.80-35.28)	32.22 (29.80-35.44)	0.480
GGT, U/L (mean ± SD)	115.26 ± 136.68	105.49 ± 82.44	0.662
ALT, U/L (median, IQR)	31.00 (21.24-44.14)	27.60 (17.46-42.88)	0.306
AST, U/L (median, IQR)	34.50 (26.55-51.51)	35.40 (25.55-46.02)	0.891
AFP, ng/mL (> 200/≤ 200)	50/57	23/20	0.454
HBsAg (positive/negative)	91/16	33/10	0.225
NLR (> 2.31/≤ 2.31)	50/57	21/22	0.815

IQR: Interquartile range; MVI: Microvascular invasion; TNM: Tumor, node and metastasis; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; WBC: White blood cell count; LYMPH: Lymphocyte count; NEUT: Neutrophil count; DB: Direct bilirubin; TB: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; GLB: Globulin; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Table 2 Univariate Cox regression analysis in the training cohort

Variables	Univariate Cox regression analysis
	HR	95%CI	P value
Age, yr	0.993	0.971-1.016	0.545
Sex (male vs female)	0.789	0.376-1.657	0.532
Alcohol abuse (present vs absent)	1.133	0.692-1.854	0.620
Tumor number (multiple vs single)	1.060	0.594-1.892	0.843
Tumor diameter, cm (> 5 vs ≤ 5)	1.147	0.681-1.934	0.606
MVI (present vs absent)	1.506	0.921-2.461	0.102
Cirrhosis (present vs absent)	1.112	0.404-3.063	0.837
DB, μmol/L (> 6.8 vs ≤ 6.8)	1.551	0.766-3.140	0.223
ALB, g/L (> 35 vs ≤ 35)	0.677	0.388-1.181	0.169
GGT, U/L (> 50 vs ≤ 50)	1.482	0.879-2.499	0.140
ALT, U/L (> 40 vs ≤ 40)	1.671	1.002-2.787	0.049
AFP, ng/mL (> 200 vs ≤ 200)	2.202	1.340-3.619	0.002
HBsAg (positive vs negative)	1.013	0.516-1.991	0.969
NLR (> 2.31 vs ≤ 2.31)	3.160	1.901-5.251	< 0.001
Radiomics signature	10.315	3.829-27.786	< 0.001

HR: Hazard ratio; MVI: Microvascular invasion; DB: Direct bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.