Endoscopic salvage therapy after failed biliary cannulation using advanced techniques: A concise review

Table 1 Summary of studies on reporting interval endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Ref.	Study design (patient number)	Percentage1	Median time interval2 (range)	Pre-cut during interval ERCP	Technical success rate	Factors associated with success	Overall complication rate
Kevans et al[12] (2010)	Retrospective (n = 19)	53% (19/36)	6 d (1-21 d)	0%	68% (13/19)	NA	0
Donnellan et al[13] (2012)	Retrospective (n = 51)	68% (51/75)	8 d (1-28 d)	NA	75% (38/51)	3 d vs 6 d (failure vs success)	3.9% (2/51)
Kim et al[14] (2012)	Retrospective (n = 69)	76% (69/91)	NA (1-3 d)	16% (11/69)	77% (53/69)	1 d vs 2-3 d (66% vs 88%)	15.9% (11/69)
Pavlides et al[15] (2014)	Retrospective (n = 89)	82% (89/108)	4 d (IQR 3-6 d)	NA	78% (69/89)	NA	-
Colan-Hernandez et al[16] (2017)	Retrospective (n = 72)	64% (72/112)	7 d (IQR 5-11 d)	NA	75% (54/72)	≤ 4 d vs > 4 d (44% vs 79%)	4.2% (3/72)
Narayan et al[17] (2017)	Retrospective (n = 28)	76% (28/37)	3 d (3-4 d)	NA	79% (22/28)	NA	-
Lo et al[9] (2021)	Retrospective (n = 43)	38% (43/114)	4 d (1-20 d)	28% (12/43)	79% (34/43)	None	7.0% (3/43)
Overall	n = 371	-	-	-	76.3% (281/371)	-	7.5% (19/254)

¹Number of study cases as a percentage of initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) failures.

²Time interval between initial and interval ERCP.

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; NA: Not available; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2 Summary of studies on reporting percutaneous-transhepatic-endoscopic rendezvous procedures

Ref.	Study design (patient number)	Malignant biliary obstruction	One-stage vs two-stage	Technical success rate	Adverse events	PTE-RV related mortality
Chivot et al[23] (2021)	Retrospective (n = 84)	78.5%	One-stage	95.2% (80/84)	19% (16/84); Cholangitis: 9.5%; Pancreatitis: 3.5%; Hemorrhage: 2.3%; Pneumoperitoneum: 3.5%	3.5%
Bokemeyer et al[21] (2019)	Retrospective (n = 163)	71.3%	NA	80.4% (131/163)	16.6% (27/163); Procedure-related complications: 8.6%; Drainage-related complications: 8%	NA
Yang et al[26] (2017)	Retrospective (n = 42)	38%	Two-stage	92.9% (39/42)	7.1% (3/42)	NA
Tomizawa et al[24] (2014)	Retrospective (n = 26)	91%	One-stage (73%) or two-stage	88% (23/26)	19.2% (5/26)	0
Neal et al[27] (2010)	Retrospective (n = 106)	100%	Two-stage	92.5% (98/106)	4.9% (5/106)	0
Chang et al[28] (2010)	Retrospective (n = 20)	0	Two-stage	100% (20/20)	10% (2/20); Pancreatitis: 5%; Cholangitis: 5%	0
Overall	441	-	-	88.7% (391/441)	13.2% (58/441)	-

PTE-RV: Percutaneous-transhepatic-endoscopic rendezvous procedures; NA: Not available.

Table 3 Summary of studies on reporting endoscopic ultrasound-guided rendezvous procedures

Ref.	Study design (patient number)	Malignant biliary obstruction	Success rate via EHBD	Success rate via IHBD	Overall technical success rate	Overall complication rate
Iwashita et al[10] (2016)	Prospective (n = 20)	60% (12/20)	86.7% (13/15)	75% (3/4)	80% (16/20)	15% (3/20); Hematoma (5%); Pancreatitis (10%)
Tang et al[40] (2016)	Retrospective (n = 25)	52% (13/25)	83.3% (20/24)	0 (0/1)	80% (20/25)	16% (4/25); Pancreatitis (12%); Cholangitis (4%)
Okuno et al[32] (2017)	Retrospective (n = 39)	62.5% (24/39)	84.6% (22/26)	68.8% (11/16)	78.6% (33/42)	16.7% (7/42); Pneumomediastinum (4.8%); Retroperitoneal perforation (2.4%); Cholangitis (2.4%); Peritonitis (4.8%); Pancreatitis (2.4%)
Nakai et al[41] (2017)	Retrospective (n = 30)	30% (9/30)	NA	NA	93.3% (28/30)	23.3% (7/30); Pancreatitis (10.0 %); Bile peritonitis (3.3 %); Cholangitis (3.3 %); Aspiration pneumonia (3.3 %); Gastric mucosa laceration (3.3 %)
Shiomi et al[42] (2018)	Prospective (n = 20)	40% (8/20)	83.3% (10/12)	87.5% (7/8)	85% (17/20)	15% (3/20); Biliary peritonitis (10%); Pancreatitis (5%)
Martínez et al[43] (2019)	Retrospective (n = 27)	0	81.5 % (22/27)	-	81.5 % (22/27)	11.1% (3/27); Pneumomediastinum (3.7%); Bile leak (3.7%); Pancreatitis (3.7%)
Matsubara et al[31] (2020)	Retrospective (n = 16)	68.8% (11/16)	93.3% (14/15)	100% (2/21)	100% (16/16)	6.3% (1/16); Pancreatitis (6.3%)
Overall	n = 177	43.5% (77/177)	84.9% (101/119)	74.2% (23/31)	84.4% (152/180)	15.6% (28/180); Pancreatitis (6.7%); Bile leak/peritonitis (3.3%); Cholangitis (1.7%); Pneumomediastinum (1.7%); Retroperitoneal perforation (0.6%); Hematoma (0.6%); Aspiration pneumonia (0.6%); Gastric mucosa laceration (0.6%)

¹Including one patient had initial extrahepatic bile duct approach attempt.

NA: Not available; IHBD: Intrahepatic bile duct; EHBD: Extrahepatic bile duct.