Intermittent hypoxia is involved in gut microbial dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Table 1 Participant characteristics and clinical parameters

	HC (n = 26)	T2DM (n = 25)	T2DM + OSA (n =27)	P value
Sex, male/female	17/9	17/8	21/6	0.584
Age, yr	45.58 ± 8.81	45.92 ± 13.89	47.59 ± 5.18	0.728
BMI, kg/m2	24.63 ± 2.61	25.84 ± 3.45	27.03 ± 2.11b	0.009
WHR, cm	0.85 ± 0.06	0.95 ± 0.07	0.98 ± 0.05b	< 0.001
NC, cm	32.88 ± 3.70	36.25 ± 4.75	38.37 ± 2.31b	< 0.001
FPG, mmol/L	5.30 (4.70, 5.43)	6.90 (6.30, 8.05)	8.00 (6.40, 9.25)b	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	1.50 (1.09, 2.03)	2.10 (1.02, 3.53)	2.38 (1.37, 3.22)a	0.099
HbA1c, %	5.30 (5.10, 5.60)	9.70 (7.30, 10.80)	8.70 (7.70, 9.70)b	< 0.001
SBP, mmHg	117.50 (112.00, 123.25)	130.00 (117.00, 143.00)	131.00 (128.00, 144.00)b	< 0.001
DBP, mmHg	71.96 ± 5.44	81.13 ± 11.33	82.26 ± 8.58b	< 0.001
HCY, μmol/L	9.60 (8.30, 12.53)	10.30 (8.05, 12.03)	13.81 (10.73, 20.54)b,c	< 0.001
AHI	2.30 (1.48, 3.05)	3.70 (2.00, 4.15)	13.70 (9.80, 20.10)b,c	< 0.001
Mean SpO2, %	97.05 (96.50, 97.53)	96.60 (96.05, 96.95)	94.70 (93.80, 95.20)b,c	< 0.001
Lowest SpO2, %	85.50 (82.00, 90.25)	85.00 (76.00, 87.50)	81.00 (73.00, 84.00)b	0.002
ODI	0.65 (0.40, 1.23)	2.20 (1.10, 5.45)	9.10 (5.90, 15.30)b,c	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs HC.

^bP < 0.01 vs HC.

^cP < 0.01 vs T2DM.

P value: Comparison of three groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD or median with interquartile range. The P value was based on Kruskal–Wallis test or one-way ANOVA. Mann–Whitney U test or least significant difference t-test was used to compare two groups. Significant differences were adjusted by Bonferroni correction. WHR: Waist-hip ratio; NC: Neck circumstance; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: Insulin resistance index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; SBP: Systolic pressure; DBP: Diastolic pressure; HCY: Homocysteine; AHI: Apnea–hypopnea indices; ODI: Oxygen desaturation index; HC: Healthy control; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea.