Effect of ancient Khorasan wheat on gut microbiota, inflammation, and short-chain fatty acid production in patients with fibromyalgia

Table 1 Summary of taxonomic analysis of obtained operational taxonomic units

Rank	Count	Reads	Reads %	OTU	OTU %
Phylum	14	1842915	99.78942	946	94.97992
Class	24	1828920	99.03162	911	91.46586
Order	35	1826444	98.89755	903	90.66265
Family	60	1745260	94.50164	773	77.61044
Genus	142	1568830	84.94838	447	44.87952

OTU: Operational taxonomic unit.

Table 2 Short-chain fatty acid variations according to the provided diet

SCFAs (µmol/g)	CD0	CD1	P value	KD0	KD1	P value
Acetic acid	24.04 ± 19.34	27.21 ± 20.69	0.463	24.07 ± 19.75	26.77 ± 14.91	0.431
Propionic acid	6.81 ± 4.86	6.68 ± 5.16	0.939	6.02 ± 6.31	8.43 ± 5.73	0.891
Butyric acid	4.49 ± 9.51	6.15 ± 6.67	0.375	4.29 ± 6.61	5.43 ± 8.34	0.403
Isobutyric acid	0.91 ± 0.50	0.84 ± 0.91	0.82	0.87 ± 0.88	0.90 ± 0.51	0.547
2-Methylbutyric acid	0.62 ± 0.39	0.54 ± 0.65	0.899	0.41 ± 0.52	0.48 ± 0.34	0.174
Isovaleric acid	0.76 ± 0.32	0.69 ± 0.80	0.705	0.58 ± 0.61	0.57 ± 0.29	0.579
Valeric acid	0.94 ± 0.84	1.31 ± 1.07	0.82	0.52 ± 1.69	1.18 ± 1.49	0.352
Total	38.53 ± 33.26	44.35 ± 40.98	0.596	45.32 ± 29.69	44.62 ± 33.69	0.403

Data are presented as the median (interquartile range). P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. CD₀: Pre-control wheat diet; CD₁: Post-control wheat diet; KD₀: Pre-Khorasan wheat diet; KD₁: Post-Khorasan wheat diet.

Table 3 Interleukins variations according to the provided diet

ILs (pg/mL)	CD0	CD1	P value	KD0	KD1	P value
IFN-γ	19.00 ± 28.35	22.67 ± 125.37	0.141	15.22 ± 10.43	15.76 ± 29.06	0.205
IL-1α	1958.84 ± 2650.46	2291.12 ± 3412.85	0.171	933.79 ± 1516.38	1683.52 ± 2538.99	0.187
IL-1β	136.84 ± 123.32	167.83 ± 157.13	0.171	127.99 ± 68.04	123.09 ± 100.29	0.485
IL-4	2.39 ± 5.31	2.64 ± 11.61	0.041	2.49 ± 1.76	2.04 ± 3.77	0.205
IL-17A	17.36 ± 20.39	29.67 ± 50.38	0.155	23.67 ± 12.83	26.03 ± 41.11	0.979

Data are showed as the median (interquartile range). P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; CD₀: Pre-control wheat diet; CD₁: Post-control wheat diet; KD₀: Pre-Khorasan wheat diet; KD₁: Post-Khorasan wheat diet.