Noninvasive imaging of hepatic dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review

Table 1 Noninvasive imaging modalities for hepatic dysfunction

Imaging modality		Target changes
US	B-mode ultrasonography	Echo intensity
		Morphological changes
	Color Doppler US	Phase and velocity of blood flow
	Contrast-enhanced US	Hemodynamic changes with better contrast than Doppler US
	Transient elastography	Liver stiffness
		Steatosis
	Point shear wave elastography	Liver stiffness
	2D-shear wave elastography	Liver stiffness
CT	Conventional CT	CT value
		Morphological changes
		Steatosis
	Dynamic enhanced CT	Portal hypertension
		Hemodynamic changes
	CT perfusion	Quantitative measurement hemodynamic changes
	Liver extracellular volume on CT	Fibrosis
MR	Conventional MRI	Morphological changes
	MR elastography	Liver stiffness
	Diffusion-weighted MRI	Brownian motion of water molecules
	Gadoxetate-enhanced MRI	Number and function of hepatocytes
	MR perfusion	Quantitative measurement hemodynamic changes
	Chemical-shift-encoded MRI	Steatosis
		Iron overload
	MR cholangiopancreatography	Biliary system
	Quantitative susceptibility mapping	Iron overload
	Liver extracellular volume on MRI	Fibrosis

US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; MR: Magnetic resonance; MRI: MR imaging.