COVID-19 status quo: Emphasis on gastrointestinal and liver manifestations

Table 1 Calculated case fatality rate globally and regional according to World Health Organization reports

Region	Cumulative confirmed cases	Cumulative death cases	CFR
Global	111762965	2479678	2.22%
Americas	49700102	1182591	2.38%
Europa	37974729	848644	2.23%
South East Asia	13415064	205814	1.53%
Eastern Mediterranean	6266689	142986	2.28%
Africa	2811106	71159	2.53%
Western Pacific	1594530	28471	1.79%

Estimated calculation with January 24, 2021 Data - World Health Organization Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. CFR: Case fatality ratio.

Table 2 Gastrointestinal manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Number of subjects	Diarrhea	Nausea	Vomiting1	Abdominal pain
Lin et al[35], 2020	95	24%	18%	4%	2%
Wong et al[56], 2020	2230	2%-36%	1%-17%	1%-6%	2%-6%
Tariq et al[52], 2020	12797	12%	9%1	9%1	6%

¹Study presented "nausea and/or vomiting" as one statistic.

Table 3 Liver manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Number of subjects	Abnormal LFTs (any)	ALT	AST	Tbili
Lin et al[35], 2020	95	-	5%	4%	23%
Wang et al[38], 2020	105	56%	16%	9%	2%
Fan et al[39], 2020	148	37%	18%	22%	6%
Zhang et al[63], 2020	1628	14%-53%	-	-	-
Cai et al[65], 2020	417	76%	-	-	-
Sultan et al[60], 2020	10890	-	15%	15%	17%

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.