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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 14, 2021; 27(42): 7350-7361
Published online Nov 14, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7350
Published online Nov 14, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7350
Demographics | |
Sex | |
Male | 6243 (58.8%) |
Female | 4371 (41.2%) |
Race | |
White | 4037 (38.0%) |
Black | 2248 (21.2%) |
Asian | 914 (8.6%) |
Other/multiracial | 2942 (27.7%) |
Unknown | 473 (4.5%) |
Ethnicity | |
Non-Hispanic or Latino or other/unknown | 8338 (78.6%) |
Hispanic or Latino | 2276 (21.4%) |
Age (yr) | 65 (54-77) |
Body mass index (kg/m2)1 | 28.3 (24.9-32.6) |
< 30 | 5120 (61.4%) |
≥ 30 | 3220 (38.6%) |
Presence of co-morbid conditions | |
Hypertension | 6204 (58.5%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 3764 (35.5%) |
Coronary artery disease | 1328 (12.5%) |
Heart failure | 832 (7.8%) |
Malignancy | 791 (7.5%) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 608 (5.7%) |
Chronic kidney disease (stage I-IV) | 391 (3.7%) |
End-stage renal disease | 434 (4.1%) |
Liver chemistries (within 24 h) | |
AST (IU/L)1 | 46 (31-72) |
Normal | 4377 (41.3%) |
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 5713 (53.8%) |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 437 (4.1%) |
> 10 × ULN | 85 (0.8%) |
ALT (IU/L) | 33 (21-56) |
Normal | 4883 (46.0%) |
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 5159 (48.6%) |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 484 (4.6%) |
> 10 × ULN | 88(0.8%) |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)1 | 75 (59-98) |
Normal | 9242 (87.1%) |
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 1333 (12.6%) |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 35(0.3%) |
> 10 × ULN | 2 (0.02%) |
Bilirubin (mg/dL)1 | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) |
Normal | 10119 (95.4%) |
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 486 (4.6%) |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 5 (0.05%) |
> 10 × ULN | 3 (0.03%) |
Elevated ALP | P value | Elevated AST | P value | Elevated ALT | P value | Elevated Bilirubin | P value | |
Sex | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.34 | < 0.001 | ||||
Female | 619 (14.2%) | 2191 (50.1%) | 2336 (53.4%) | 124 (2.8%) | ||||
Male | 751 (12.0%) | 4044 (64.8%) | 3395 (54.4%) | 370 (5.9%) | ||||
Race | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | ||||
Asian | 134 (14.7%) | 613 (67.1%) | 533 (58.3%) | 43 (4.7%) | ||||
Black | 228 (10.1%) | 1332 (59.3%) | 1146 (51.0%) | 117 (5.2%) | ||||
Other/multiracial | 468 (15.9%) | 1845 (62.7%) | 1836 (62.4%) | 139 (4.7%) | ||||
Unknown | 74 (15.6%) | 300 (63.4%) | 304 (64.3%) | 17 (3.6%) | ||||
White | 466 (11.6%) | 2145 (53.2%) | 1912 (47.4%) | 178 (4.4%) | ||||
Ethnicity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | ||||
Hispanic or Latino | 398 (17.5%) | 1410 (62.0%) | 1450 (63.7%) | 97 (4.3%) | ||||
Non-Hispanic or Latino | 864 (11.3%) | 4384 (57.3%) | 3852 (50.4%) | 361 (4.7%) | ||||
Unknown or other | 108 (15.7%) | 441 (64.0%) | 429 (62.3%) | 36 (5.2%) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
< 30 | 730 (14.3%) | 2996 (58.5%) | 2694 (52.6%) | 269 (5.3%) | ||||
≥ 30 | 336 (10.5%) | 1946 (60.4%) | 1885 (58.5%) | 111 (3.5%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 0.03 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 920 (13.4%) | 1158 (60.7%) | 3897 (56.9%) | 356 (5.2%) | ||||
Yes | 450 (12.0%) | 2077 (55.2%) | 1834 (48.7%) | 138 (3.7%) | ||||
Hypertension | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.36 | ||||
No | 642 (14.6%) | 2683 (60.9%) | 2649 (60.1%) | 215 (4.9%) | ||||
Yes | 728 (11.7%) | 3552 (57.3%) | 3082 (49.7%) | 279 (4.5%) | ||||
Coronary artery disease | 0.69 | 0.006 | < 0.001 | 0.09 | ||||
No | 1194 (12.9%) | 5501 (59.3%) | 5184 (55.8%) | 420 (4.5%) | ||||
Yes | 176 (13.3%) | 734 (55.3%) | 547 (41.2%) | 74 (5.6%) | ||||
Congestive heart failure | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1223 (12.5%) | 5811 (59.4%) | 5419 (55.4%) | 432 (4.4%) | ||||
Yes | 147 (17.7%) | 424 (51.0%) | 312 (37.5%) | 62 (7.5%) | ||||
COPD | 0.24 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.46 | ||||
No | 1301 (13.0%) | 5939 (59.4%) | 5504 (55.0%) | 462 (4.6%) | ||||
Yes | 69 (11.4%) | 296 (48.7%) | 227 (37.3%) | 32 (5.3%) | ||||
CKD (stage I-IV) | 0.82 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | ||||
No | 1321 (12.9%) | 6036 (59.1%) | 5582 (54.6%) | 478 (4.7%) | ||||
Yes | 49 (12.5%) | 199 (50.9%) | 149 (38.1%) | 16 (4.1%) | ||||
End-stage renal disease | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.09 | ||||
No | 1265 (12.4%) | 6044 (59.4%) | 5621 (55.2%) | 481 (4.7%) | ||||
Yes | 105 (24.2%) | 191 (44.0%) | 110 (25.4%) | 13 (3.0%) | ||||
Malignancy | 0.58 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.049 | ||||
No | 1273 (13.0%) | 5827 (59.3%) | 5380 (54.8%) | 446 (4.5%) | ||||
Yes | 97 (12.3%) | 408 (51.7%) | 351 (44.4%) | 48 (6.1%) |
In-hospital mortality | In-hospital mortality or need for mechanical ventilation | |||||||
Unadjusted analysis-HR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted analysis1-HR (95%CI) | P value | Unadjusted analysis-HR (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted analysis1-HR (95%CI) | P value | |
AST | ||||||||
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 1.29 (1.17-1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.65 (1.47-1.85) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.13-1.46) | < 0.001 | 1.73 (1.47-2.04) | < 0.001 |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 1.66 (1.38-1.99) | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.33-2.14) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.27-2.20) | < 0.001 | 2.09 (1.42-3.07) | < 0.001 |
> 10 × ULN | 3.50 (2.56-4.78) | < 0.001 | 2.64 (1.73-4.04) | < 0.001 | 3.89 (2.48-6.10) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (1.78-6.40) | < 0.001 |
ALT | ||||||||
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
> 1 to ≤ 4 × ULN | 0.84 (0.77-0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.09-1.34) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.63-0.81) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.02-1.40) | 0.02 |
> 4 to ≤ 10 × ULN | 0.88 (0.71-1.09) | 0.24 | 1.22 (0.93-1.61) | 0.15 | 0.79 (0.57-1.09) | 0.15 | 1.40 (0.87-2.26) | 0.16 |
> 10 × ULN | 1.71 (1.20-2.45) | 0.003 | 1.34 (0.81-2.22) | 0.26 | 1.42 (0.80-2.51) | 0.23 | 1.36 (0.58-3.19) | 0.48 |
Alkaline phosphatase | ||||||||
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Elevated | 1.27 (1.14-1.43) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.12-1.48) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.01-1.42) | 0.04 | 1.39 (1.12-1.72) | 0.003 |
Bilirubin | ||||||||
Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Elevated | 1.55 (1.32-1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.92-1.37) | 0.27 | 1.69 (1.34-2.13) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.71-1.30) | 0.79 |
AST:ALT ratio | ||||||||
≤ 1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
> 1 | 2.08 (1.82-2.37) | < 0.001 | 1.72 (1.46-2.02) | < 0.001 | 2.61 (2.13-3.19) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.41-2.40) | < 0.001 |
Pattern of liver injury2 | ||||||||
Normal or non-severe | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Hepatocellular | 0.93 (0.80-1.09) | 0.39 | 0.90 (0.74-1.11) | 0.33 | 0.84 (0.66-1.07) | 0.15 | 1.18 (0.85-1.65) | 0.33 |
Mixed | 1.14 (0.74-1.75) | 0.56 | 1.06 (0.65-1.73) | 0.82 | 1.00 (0.52-1.93) | 0.99 | 1.02 (0.44-2.37) | 0.96 |
Cholestatic | 1.17 (0.85-1.61) | 0.33 | 1.57 (1.07-2.28) | 0.02 | 1.25 (0.81-1.93) | 0.31 | 2.05 (1.17-3.58) | 0.01 |
- Citation: Bernstein D, Roth N, Kim A, Epstein M, Hirschwerk D, Kvasnovsky CL, Satapathy SK. Presentation, patterns and predictive value of baseline liver tests on outcomes in COVID-19 patients without chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(42): 7350-7361
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i42/7350.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7350