Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis D virus epidemiology: Changes over time and possible future influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Table 1 Worldwide variability of anti-hepatitis D virus in hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carriers

Country	Anti-HDV in HBsAg chronic carriers, % (years of study)	Ref.
India	10.6 (1985); 37.5 (2005)	[33,34]
China	3.5 (1987); 13.1 (1993)	[35,36]
Tunisia	17.7 (1987-1994)	[37]
Italy	23.0 (1987); 8.3 (2006)	[13,38]
Thailand1	8.3; 11.1; 65.5 (1988)	[39]
Iran	48.0 (1991); 5.7 (2005)	[40]
Germany	8.0 (1992); 10.9 (2006)	[41]
Pakistan	16.6 (1994); 58.6( 2001)	[42]
Saudi Arabia	8.6 (1996-1997)	[43]
Taiwan	4.4 (1997); 15.3 (2012)	[13,44]
Mongolia	56.5 (2004)	[13,44]
Brazil	41.9 (2005-2006)	[45]
Turkey	7 (2006); 45.5 (2009)	[46]
Egypt	9.9 ( 2013)	[13,44]
Japan	6.0 (1991)	[47]
Jordan	2.0 (1978-1985)	[48]
Australia	4.1 (1997); 4.8 (2016)	[49,50]
Greece	4.2 (1997)	[51]
England	2.6 (2000); 8.5(2006)	[13,44]
United States	2 .0 (1950); 50.0 (2016)	[52-54]

¹65.5% in intravenous drug abusers, 11.1% in chronic active hepatitis, and 8.3% in cirrhosis patients.

HDV: Hepatitis D virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.