Gut microbiota in a population highly affected by obesity and type 2 diabetes and susceptibility to COVID-19

Table 1 Coronavirus disease 2019 reported cases and deaths

Location	Cases	per 100K people	Deaths	per 100K people
United States	32152531	9795	573044	175
Brazil	14369423	6809	391936	186
Mexico	2329534	1826	215113	169
India	17636307	1291	197894	14
United Kingdom	4409635	6598	127451	191

The figures are based on data from the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering, accessed 2021-04-27 (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html).

Table 2 High abundance bacterial taxa characterizing the gut microbiota dysbiosis of selected diseases

Population	Disease	Relevant taxa	Analysis	Ref.
Mexico	ED	f_Veillonellaceae, f_ S24-7, g_Ruminococcus, g_Bacteroides, g_Parvimonas, g_Oscillospira.	MaAsLin	Nirmalkar et al[87], 2018
	T2DM	o_Bacteroidales, f_Koribacteraceae, g_Suterella, g_Roseburia, g_Pelomonas, g_Oscillospira.	LEfSe	Chávez-Carbajal et al[85], 2020
	OB	f_ S24-7, g_Roseburia, g_Succinivibrio.	LEfSe	Chávez-Carbajal et al[86], 2019
		g_Lachnospira, g_Roseburia, g_Faecalibacterium.	UPGMA	Murugesan et al[88], 2015
	MetS	g_Lachnospira, g_Coprococus, g_Faecalibacterium, g_Ruminococcus, g_Megamonas.	LEfSe	Chávez-Carbajal et al[86], 2019
United States	HBP	g_Dorea, s_Alistipes finegoldii, s_A. indistinctus.	LEfSe	Kim et al[89], 2020
	ED	g_Bifidobacterium, g_Akkermansia, g_Oxalobacter.	Pearson’s correlation	Johnson et al[90], 2019
		o_Bacteroidales, f_ Prevotellaceae, g_ Hungatella, g_Succiniclasticum.	Mann Whitney U	Kummen et al[91], 2018
	T2DM	g_Bifidobacterium, g_Prevotella.	Mann-Whitney nonparametric test	Barengolts et al[92], 2018
	OB	c_Bacilli, f_Streptococcaceae, f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Streptococcus, g_Blautia.	Kruskal-Wallis	Peters et al[93], 2018
		f_Ruminococcacea, g_Prevotella, g_Gardnerella, g_Turicibacter, g_Megasphera.	LEfSe	Sergeev et al[94], 2020
	MetS	g_Ruminococcus, g_Haemophilus, g_Varibaculum, g_Veillonella, g_Sarcina, g_Lactobacillus, g_Turicibacter, g_Actinomyces, g_Bifidobacterium, g_Lachnobacterium.	Correlations	Tricò et al[95], 2019
		g_Clostridium, g_Ruminococcus, g_Faecalibacterium, g_Oscillospira, g_Coprococcus, g_Prevotella.	Compute core microbiome (95%)	Zupancic et al[96], 2012
Brazil	ED	f_Lachnospiraceae g_Roseburia g_Coprococcus	Mann–Whitney U	Silveira-Nunes et al[97], 2020
	T2DM	g_Gemella g_Coprococcus g_Desulfovibrio	Relative Abundance	Al Assal et al[98], 2020
	OB	g_Fusobacterium g_Enterococcus s_Escherichia coli	FISH	Sarmiento et al[99], 2019
	MetS	p_Firmicutes	RT-qPCR	Miranda et al[100], 2019

ED: Endothelial dysfunction; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes; OB: Obesity; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; UPGMA: Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Table 3 Taxa associated with immunological or inflammatory diseases

Taxa	Immunological disease	Ref.
s_Ruminococcus gnavus	Crohn’s disease	Henke et al[101], 2019
	Rheumatoid arthritis	Zhang et al[102], 2015
s_Ruminococcus lactaris	Inflammatory bowel disease	Forbes et al[103], 2016
g_Faecalibacterium	Multiple sclerosis	Cantarel et al[104], 2015
	Psoriasis	Zhang et al[105], 2021
	Inflammatory bowel disease	Gevers et al[106], 2014
f_Veillonellaceae	Multiple sclerosis	Cantarel et al[104], 2015
g_Coprococus	Anti-phospholipid syndrome	Ruff et al[107], 2015
g_Roseburia intestinalis	Increased risk of HIV infection	Libertucci and Young[108], 2019
g_Parvimonas	Acute Kawasaki disease	Chen et al[109], 2020
g_Megamonas	Psoriasis	Zhang et al[105], 2021
	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Hevia et al[110], 2014
g_Bacteroides	Arthritis susceptibility	Xu et al[111], 2019
f_S24-7	Reduction in antibody response	Yang et al[112], 2017
g_Coprococcus	Reduction in antibody response. Inflammatory bowel disease	Yang et al[112], 2017; Said et al[113], 2014
g_Oscillospira
g_Sutterella
g_Gemella	Asthma	Stiemsma et al[114], 2016
g_Clostridium	Colitis	Guerri et al[115], 2019
	Rheumatoid arthritis	Forbes et al[116], 2018
g_Actinomyces	Rheumatoid arthritis	Forbes et al[116], 2018
g_Streptococcus	Rheumatoid arthritis	Alpizar-Rodriguez[117], 2019
g_Prevotella	Rheumatoid arthritis. Allergic rhinitis, Asthma	Maeda and Takeda[118], 2019
		Chua et al[119], 2018
f_Lachnospiraceae	Rheumatoid arthritis	Forbes et al[116], 2018
	Asthma	Cherkasov et al[120], 2019
f_Veillonellaceae	Autoimmune hepatitis	Wei et al[121], 2020
g_Veillonella	Multiple sclerosis	Chen et al[122], 2016
g_Blautia	Multiple sclerosis	Chen et al[122], 2016
g_Dorea
g_Haemophilus
g_Oscillospira	Allergies	Hua et al[123], 2016
g_Succinivibrio
g_Suterella
o_Bacteroidales

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.