Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2021; 27(39): 6551-6571
Published online Oct 21, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6551
Published online Oct 21, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6551
Plant name | Preparation | Susceptible viruses | Ref. |
Allium sativum (Garlic) | Aqueous extracts | Influenza A (H9N2) | Rasool et al[53], 2017 |
Extract | Infectious bronchitis virus | Mohajer Shojai et al[54], 2016 | |
Ethanolic extract | Influenza A (H1N1) | Chavan et al[55], 2016 | |
Garlic oil | Influenza A (H1N1) | Choi[56], 2018 | |
Fresh extract | Influenza A (H1N1) | Mehrbod et al[57], 2013 | |
Aqueous extract | Adenovirus (ADV3 and ADV41) | Chen et al[58], 2011 | |
Aloe vera (Aloe) | Aloe anthraquinones and several derivatives (3-O-tetraacetoglupiranosil) | Influenza A | Borges-Argáez et al[59], 2019 |
Aloe-emodin | Influenza A | Li et al[60], 2014 | |
Astragalus mongholicus (Astragalus) | Astragalus polysaccharides | Avian infectious bronchitis virus | Zhang et al[61], 2018 |
Astragalus polysaccharide | Influenza A (H9N2) | Kallon et al[62], 2013 | |
Camellia sinensis (Green tea) | Catechins -EGCG | Adenovirus | Weber et al[63], 2003 |
Catechin | Influenza A | Kuzuhara et al[64], 2009 | |
Catechins | Influenza A (H5N1) | Liu et al[65], 2012 | |
Polyphenols | Influenza A; Influenza B | Yang et al[66], 2014 | |
Curcuma longa (Turmeric) | Curcumin | Influenza A virus | Chen et al[67], 2013 |
Dai et al[68], 2018 | |||
Curcumin | Influenza A (H1N1, H6N1) | Chen et al[69], 2010 | |
Curcumin | RSV | Obata et al[70], 2013 | |
Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) | E. purpurea fresh herb and root tinctures | Influenza | Vimalanathan et al[71], 2013 |
Standardized E. purpurea extract | Influenza A (H5N1, H7N7, H1N1) | Pleschka et al[72], 2009 | |
Standardized E. purpurea extract | Rhinoviruses, RSV | Hudson et al[73], 2011 | |
Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) | Essential oil- vapor phase | Influenza | Vimalanathan et al[74], 2014 |
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) | Leaf extract | Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) | Haruyama et al[75], 2013 |
Glycyrrhiza sp. (Licorice) | Water extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) | RSV | Feng Yeh et al[76], 2013 |
Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives | SARS-CoV | Hoever et al[77], 2005 | |
Extract of Glycyrrhiza inflata | Influenza A (H1N1) | Dao et al[78], 2011 | |
Glycyrrhizin | Influenza A | Wolkerstorfer et al[79], 2009 | |
Glycyrrhizin | Influenza A (H5N1) | Michaelis et al[80], 2010 | |
Lepidium meyenii (Maca) | Extracted with methanol | Influenza A; Influenza B | Del Valle Mendoza et al[81], 2014 |
Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) | Tea tree oil | Influenza A (H1N1) | Garozzo et al[82], 2011 |
Aerosol and vapor of tea tree oil | Influenza A (H11N9) | Usachev et al[83], 2013 | |
Tea tree oil | Influenza A (H11N9) | Pyankov et al[84], 2012 | |
Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) | Essential oil | Influenza A (H9N2) | Pourghanbari et al[85], 2016 |
Extract | Avian infectious bronchitis | Lelešius et al[86], 2019 | |
Mentha piperita (Peppermint) | Ethanol extract | RSV | Li et al[87], 2017 |
Extract | Avian infectious bronchitis | Lelešius et al[86], 2019 | |
Nigella sativa (Black cumin) | Ethanol extracts of | Influenza A (H5N1) | Dorra et al[88], 2019 |
Ethanol extracts of | Influenza A (H9N2) | Umar et al[89], 2016 | |
Extract | Coronavirus | Ulasli et al[90], 2014 | |
Panax ginseng (Ginseng) | Root of plant Panax ginseng | RSV | Lee et al[91], 2014 |
Panax Korean red ginseng extract | RSV | Lee et al[92], 2014 | |
Red ginseng extract and polysaccharide and saponin fractions | Influenza A (H1N1) | Yin et al[93], 2013 | |
Korean red ginseng extract | Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) | Yoo et al[94], 2012 | |
Pelargonium sidoides (Pelargonium) | Pelargonium sidoides radix extract EPs® 7630 | Rhinovirus | Roth et al[95], 2019 |
EPs® 7630 | Respiratory viruses | Michaelis et al[96], 2011 | |
EPs® 7630 | Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) | Theisen et al[97], 2012 | |
Sambucus nigra (Black elder) | Extract | Infectious bronchitis virus | Chen et al[98], 2014 |
Standardized elderberry liquid extract | Influenza A; Influenza B | Krawitz et al[99], 2011 | |
Concentrated juice of elderberry | Influenza A | Kinoshita et al[100], 2012 | |
Elderberry flavonoids | Influenza A (H1N1) | Roschek et al[101], 2009 | |
Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) | Chemical constituents | Influenza A (H1N1) | Ji et al[102], 2015 |
Baicalin | SARS-CoV | Chen et al[103], 2004 | |
Torreya nucifera (Japanese nutmeg yew) | Ethanol extract | SARS-CoV | Ryu et al[104], 2010 |
Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) | Essential oil- liquid phase | Influenza | Vimalanathan et al[74], 2014 |
Extract | Avian infectious bronchitis | Lelešius et al[86], 2019 | |
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) | Withaferin A | Influenza A (H1N1) | Cai et al[105], 2015 |
Zingiber officinalis (Ginger) | Aqueous extracts | Influenza A (H9N2) | Rasool et al[53], 2017 |
Ethanol extracts | Influenza A- (H5N1) | Dorra et al[88], 2019 | |
Fresh ginger | RSV | Chang et al[106], 2013 |
Plant | Disease state | Participant | Dosage | Study design | Results |
Aged garlic extract[107] | Cold andflu illness | 120 healthy subjects, 2 groups (21-50 yr) | 4 capsules/d (2.56 g); 90 d | Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel intervention | Increase in γδ-T cell and NK cell. Reduction in cold and flu severity; decrease in symptom days |
E. purpurea and E. angustifolia root[108] | New-onset common cold | 719 patients, 4 parallel groups (12-80 yr) | First 24 h: Equivalent of 10.2 g of root. Next 4 d: 5.1 g | Randomized, controlled trial | Disease duration and severity are not statistically significantly changed |
Echinacea purpurea alcohol extract (Echinaforce®)[109] | Common cold | 755 healthy subjects, 2 groups (≥ 18 yr) | Illness prevention: 3 × 0.9 mL. Acute stages of colds: 5 × 0.9 mL | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Reduction of the total number of cold episodes, cumulated episode days, and pain-killer medicated episodes. Inhibited virally confirmed colds and especially prevented enveloped virus infections. Maximal effects on recurrent infections. Prophylactic intake of E. purpurea over a period of 4 mo to provide a positive risk/benefit ratio |
Echinacea root extract[110] | Respiratory symptoms | 175 adults, 2 groups (18–65 yr) | Tablets: 112.5 mg E. purpurea 6:1 extract (equivalent to 675 mg dry root) and 150 mg E. angustifolia 4:1 extract (equivalent to 600 mg dry root) 3 × 1 tablet, if required: 3 × 2 tablets | Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial | Lower respiratory symptom scores. Preventive effect against the development of respiratory symptoms during travel, including long-haul flights |
Green tea catechins and theanine[111] | Influenza | 200 healthcare workers, 2 groups | Capsules: Green tea catechins (378 mg/d) and theanine (210 mg/d). 5 m | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Lower incidence of influenza infection in the catechin/theanine group |
Ivy leaf extract[112] | Acute or chronic bronchial inflammatory disease | 9657 patients (5181 children) | Ivy leaves extract [drug-to-extract ratio: 5-7.5:1; extraction solvent: ethanol 30% (w/w)]. 0–5 yr: 3 × 2.5 mL; 6–12 yr: 3 × 5 mL; 12 yr and adults: 3 × 5–7.5 mL. 7 d | Prospective, open, multicenter post marketing study | Healing or improvement in 95% of symptoms. Effective and well tolerated |
Ivy extract (Hedelix®)[113] | Acute respiratory catarrh and/or chronic recidivating inflammatory bronchial disease | 268 children, 2 groups (syrup and drops groups) (0-12 yr) | 0-1 yr: 1 × 2.5 mL syrup or 3 × 5 drops, 1-4 yr: 3 × 2.5 mL syrup or 3 × 16 drops, 4-10 yr: 4 × 2.5 mL syrup or 3 × 21 drops, 10-12 yr: 3 × 5 mL syrup or 3 × 31 drops. 14 d | Independent open, non-interventional studies | Effective and safe treatment of cough. Reduction in symptoms (especially rhinitis, cough and viscous mucus) |
Ivy leaves dry extract (Prospan ®)[114] | Bronchial asthma | 30 children (suffering from partial or uncontrolled mild persistent allergic asthma despite long-term treatment with 400 μg budesonide equivalent), 2 groups (6–11 yr) | 2 × 5 mL (corresponding to 70 mg extract) 28–30 d | Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study | Improvement of MEF75-25, MEF25 and VC |
Korean red ginseng extract[115] | Influenza-like illness | 100 healthy adults, 2 groups (30-70 yr) | 9 capsules/d. 3 m | Placebo-controlled trial | Reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness |
Modified ginseng extracts (GS-3K8 and GINST)[116] | Acute respiratory illness | 45 healthy applicants, 3 groups (39-65 yr) | Capsules: 500 mg; 6 capsules/d; 8 wk | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study | Reduction in acute respiratory illness development and symptom duration |
Panax quinquefolius extract CVT-E002[117] | Acute respiratory illness and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 293 patients, 2 groups (≥ 18 yr) | 2 × 200 mg extract. 3 m | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | Reduction intense acute respiratory illness and moderately-severe sore throat. Increased antibody responses. |
Panax ginseng[118] | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 participants, 2 groups (57–73 yr) | 2 × 200 mg 4 wk | Clinical trial protocol and pilot study | One participant in P. ginseng group reported events of sore throat, cough and fever |
Panax ginseng root extract[119] | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 168 participants, 2 groups | 2 × 100 mg capsules. 24 wk | Randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled | Reduction in symptoms |
Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs® 7630[120] | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 199 adults, 2 groups (18 yr and older) | 30 drops. 24 wk | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial | Improvement in HRQoL (health-related quality-of-life) and PRO (Patient-reported outcomes) |
Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs® 7630[121] | Acute bronchitis | 220 patients (1-18 yr) | 1-6 yr: 3 × 10 drops; 6–12 yr: 3 × 20 drops; 12-18 yr: 3 × 30 drops; 7 d | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Reduction in the total score of bronchitis-specific symptoms (especially cough and rales at auscultation) |
Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs® 7630[122] | Upper respiratory tract infections | 28 children with a diagnosed transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (1-5 yr) | 3 × 10 drops; 7 d | Randomized, placebo controlled, prospective, monocentric pilot study | Increased appetite. Reduction of nasal congestion |
Pelargonium sidoides root extract EPs® 7630[123] | Upper respiratory tract- asthma attacks | 61 children (1–14 yr) | 1–5 yr: 3 × 10 drops; 6–12 yr: 3 × 20 drops; 12 yr and above: 3 × 30 drops; 5 d | Randomized, placebo controlled | Reduction the severity of symptoms (especially cough and nasal congestion). Shortening of the duration of upper respiratory viral infections. Reduction asthma attack frequency |
Pelargonium sidoides preparation EPs® 7630[124] | Acute non-streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis | 126 children, 2 groups (6–10 yr) | 3 × 20 drops. 6 d | Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Decrease in tonsillitis severity score compared to placebo in the EPs® 7630 group after 4 d of treatment |
Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs® 7630[125] | Common cold | 207 adults (18-55 yr) | SD: 3 × 30 drops; HD: 3 × 60 drops; 10 d | Prospective, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, phase 3, 2 parts, 2-arm, clinical trial | After 10 d, clinical treatment in 90.4% of the active drug group. Reduction the severity of symptoms and short the duration of the disease. Higher full recovery rates or greater recovery for HD treatment on day 5 |
Sambucus nigra extract[126] | Influenza | 64 patients (16-60 yr) | Lozenge: 175 mg extract; 4 lozenges/d; 2 d | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trials | Significant improvement in most symptoms within 24 h (fever, headache, muscle aches and nasal congestion). Significant improvement in all investigated symptoms within 48 h (cough and mucus discharge) |
Sambucus nigra extract[127] | Respiratory health | 312 adults, 2 groups | Capsules: 300 mg. Before travel: 2 capsules/d. During travel and after arrival: 3 capsules/d. 14 d | Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial | Reduction of cold duration and severity in air travelers. Low symptom score |
Plant name | Effects | Ref. |
Allium sativum (Garlic) | Analgesic | Dehghani et al[128], 2018 |
Anti-inflammatory | Arreola et al[129], 2015 | |
Anti-platelet | Hiyasat et al[130], 2009 | |
Heart protection | Sultana et al[131], 2016 | |
Hepatic protection | Aprioku et al[132], 2017 | |
Improving GI function | Chen et al[133], 2018 | |
Renal protection | Seckiner et al[134], 2014 | |
Curcuma longa (Turmeric) | Analgesic | Henrotin et al[135], 2020 |
Eke-Okoro et al[136], 2018 | ||
Antiemetic | Liu et al[137], 2018 | |
Antifatigue | Huang et al[138], 2015 | |
Anti-inflammatory | Shimizu et al[139], 2019 | |
Antifibrotic | Gouda et al[140], 2019 | |
Antipyretic | Haider et al[141], 2013 | |
Bronchodilator | Ram et al[142], 2003 | |
GI protection | Haider et al[141], 2013 | |
Dulbecco and Savarino[143], 2013 | ||
Hepatic protection | Dulbecco and Savarino[143], 2013 | |
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) | Antitussives | Nosalova et al[144], 2013 |
Kuang et al[145], 2018 | ||
Anti-inflammatory | Kao et al[146], 2010 | |
Respiratory system protection | Shi et al[147], 2011 | |
Nigella sativa (Black cumin) | Analgesic | Rushmi et al[148], 2017 |
Anticoagulant | Muralidharan-Chari et al[149], 2016 | |
Antihistaminic | Ansari et al[150], 2010 | |
Alsamarai et al[151], 2014 | ||
Anti-inflammatory | Majdalawieh and Fayyad[152], 2015 | |
Mahdavi et al[153], 2016 | ||
Bronchodilation | Boskabady et al[154], 2010 | |
Salem et al[155], 2017 | ||
Panax ginseng (Ginseng) | Adaptogenic | Ratan et al[156], 2021 |
Pelargonium sidoides (Pelargonium) | Antitussives | Bao et al[157], 2015 |
Secretolytic activity | Bao et al[157], 2015 | |
Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) | Antiemetic | Aung et al[158], 2005 |
Anti-inflammatory | Hong et al[159], 2013 | |
GI protection | Mehendale et al[160], 2007 | |
Cui et al[161], 2021 | ||
Hepatic protection | Thanh et al[162], 2015 | |
Neuroprotective | Dai et al[163], 2013 | |
Regulation of histamine release-Anti allergic | Bui et al[164], 2017 | |
Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) | Analgesic | Laub[165], 2018 |
Salmalian et al[166], 2014 | ||
Anticoagulant | Okazaki et al[167], 2002 | |
Anti-inflammatory | Habashy et al[168], 2018 | |
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) | Adaptogenic | Salve et al[169], 2019 |
Analgesic | Murthy et al[170], 2019 | |
Anticoagulant, antithrombotic | Ku et al[171], 2014 | |
Anti-inflammatory | Gupta and Singh[172], 2014 | |
Antitussives | Nosalova et al[144], 2013 | |
Stress-relieving | Lopresti et al[173], 2019 | |
Zingiber officinale (Ginger) | Analgesic | Maghbooli et al[174], 2014 |
Bartels et al[175], 2015 | ||
Antiemetic | Tóth et al[176], 2018 | |
Anti-inflammatory | Khan et al[177], 2015 | |
Antiplatelet, antithrombotic | Lee et al[178], 2017 | |
Antitussives | Bera et al[179], 2016 | |
GI protection | Nanjundaiah et al[180], 2011 | |
Hepatic protection | Ajith et al[181], 2007 | |
Nephroprotective | Ajith et al[182], 2007 |
Plants | The compound under study | Results | Ref. |
Ammoides verticillata essential oil | Isothymol | SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition | Abdelli et al[183], 2021 |
Allium sativum essential oil | Organosulfur compounds (99.4% of its essential oil) | SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition. Garlic essential oil can prevent protein maturation of the virus and the spread of infection | Thuy et al[184], 2020 |
Apium graveolens | Apigenin | Kidneys of spontaneous hypertensive rats/Regulation in ACE2 expression | Sui et al[185], 2010 |
Camellia sinensis | Black tea; Dark tea; Green tea; Oolong tea; White tea | ACE inhibition: Green < oolong < white < black < dark teas | Dong et al[186], 2011 |
Citrus aurantium | Hesperetin. Scutellarin. Nicotianamine. Glycyrrhizin. Baicalin | SARS-CoV-2/Connecting to ACE2 and blocking the SARS-CoV-2 input | Chen and Du[187], 2020 |
Erigeron breviscapus | |||
Glycine max | |||
Glycyrrhiza radix | |||
Scutellaria baicalensis | |||
Geranium and lemon essential oils | Citronellol and limonene | SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition | Senthil Kumar et al[188], 2020 |
Ginseng Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Ginsenoside Rg6; Ginsenoside F1; Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate; Glycyrrhizic acid methyl ester | SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 kinase inhibition | Zi et al[189], 2020 |
Glycine max (soybean) | Nicotianamine | ACE2 inhibition | Takahashi et al[190], 2015 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | Glycyrrhizic acid | SARS-CoV-2/Glycyrrhizic acid disrupts the connection of the virus with the ACE2 receptor at the entry level | Sinha et al[43], 2021 |
Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanins | Delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides | ACE inhibition | Ojeda et al[191], 2010 |
Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) | Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside | ACE inhibition | Prasad et al[192], 2013 |
Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil | Components (70.9% of the oil) | SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 and PDB6LU7 proteins inhibition | My et al[193], 2020 |
Nicotiana benthamiana | Recombinant ACE2-Fc fusion protein produced from N. benthamiana | SARS-CoV-2/Strong binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition | Siriwattananon et al[194], 2020 |
Withania somnifera | Withanone | SARS-CoV-2/Docking to the connector interface of the AEC2-RBD complex | Balkrishna et al[51], 2020 |
- Citation: Caliskan UK, Karakus MM. Evaluation of botanicals as potential COVID-19 symptoms terminator . World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(39): 6551-6571
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i39/6551.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6551