Role of near-infrared fluorescence in colorectal surgery

Table 1 Retrospective cohort studies

Ref.	Indication for resection	Sample size	ICG injection time	Change of plan (%)	AL rate (%)
Kudszus et al[14], 2010	Colorectal cancer	ICG: 201. Control: 201	Before anastomosis	16.4	ICG: 3.5. Control: 7.5
Kin et al[23], 2015	Colorectal cancer, Diverticulitis, IBD, other	ICG: 173. Control: 173	Before anastomosis	4.6	ICG: 7.5. Control: 6.4
Jafari et al[3], 2013	Rectal cancer	ICG: 16. Control: 22	Before anastomosis	19	ICG: 6. Control: 18
Kim et al[17], 2016	Rectal cancer	ICG: 123. Control: 313	Before ± after anastomosis	02	ICG: 0.8a. Control: 5.4
Boni et al[15], 2015	Colorectal cancer	ICG: 42. Control: 38	Before + after Anastomosis	4.7	ICG: 0. Control: 5.2
Wada et al[87], 2019	Rectal cancer1	ICG: 34. Control: 34	Before anastomosis	27.11	ICG: 8.8. Control: 14.7
Dinallo et al[24], 2019	ND	ICG: 234. Control: 320	Before anastomosis	5.6a	ICG: 1.3. Control: 1.3
Mizrahi et al[88], 2018	Rectal cancer	ICG: 30. Control: 30	Before + after anastomosis	13.3	ICG: 0. Control: 6.7
Kim et al[19], 2017	Rectal cancer	ICG: 310. Control: 347	Before anastomosis	ND	ICG: 0.6a. Control: 5.2
Ris et al[16], 2018	Colorectal cancer (65.5%), diverticular disease (18.8%), Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, other	ICG: 504 Control: 1173	Before + after anastomosis	5.8	ICG: 2.4a. Control: 5.8
Watanabe et al[20], 2020	Rectal cancer	ICG: 211. Control: 211	Before anastomosis	ND	ICG: 4.7a. Control: 10.4

¹149 (48:101).

²Fluorescent imaging correctly determined competent perfusion of the bowel adjacent to the anastomosis in 10.6% who were possibly susceptible to anastomotic site ischemia.

^aP < 0.05. ND: No data available; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; AL: Anastomotic leak; ICG: Indocyanine green.

Table 2 Ureteral visualization studies using intravenous dye

Ref.	Model	Surgery	Dye	n (%)	Visible ureters	Visible time after injection	Visibility duration
Matsui et al[71], 2010	Pig	Open1	Methylene blue	20	100% (40/40)	10 min	65 min
		Laparoscopy1		2	50% (2/4)	10 min	20 min
Verbeek et al[89], 2013	Human	Open1	Methylene blue	12	100% (20/20)	10 min	≥ 50 min
Al-Taher et al[90], 2016	Human	Laparoscopy	Methylene blue	10	62,5% (5/8)	ND	ND
Barnes et al[72], 2018	Human	Laparoscopy	Methylene blue	34	93.6% (59/63)	0 min	2 h
		Open		6	66.6% (4/6)
Tanaka et al[67], 2007	Rat	Open	IRDye 800CW	12	100%	3-5 min	ND
	Pig	Open	IRDye 800CW	6	100%	10 min	> 20 min
Schols et al[74], 2014	Pig	Laparoscopy	IRDye 800cw	2	50% (1/2)	10 min	ND
Korb et al[75], 2015	Pig	Laparoscopy	IRDye 800CW	6	100%	10 min	≥ 50 min
Van den Bos et al[18], 2018	Pig	Laparoscopy	IRDye 800 BK	1	100% (2/2)	35 min	3 h
			IRDye 800NOS	1	100% (2/2)	45 min	ND
			IRDye 800CW	1	100% (2/2)	10 min	≥ 15 min
Al-Taher et al[77], 2018	Pig	Laparoscopy	IRDye 800BK	3	100% (6/6)	1-20 min	≥ 100 min

¹With dissection to highlight ureters.

ND: No data available.