Effects of permissive hypocaloric vs standard enteral feeding on gastrointestinal function and outcomes in sepsis

Table 1 Demographic data and clinical parameters on admission

Variable	Value
Age (yr)	67.0 (63.0-72.3)
Sex (Male:female)	29:25
BMI (kg/m2)	24.3 (21.5-27.0)
Etiology of sepsis, n (%)
Abdominal infection	27 (50.0)
Thoracic/pulmonary infection	10 (18.5)
Blood stream infection	6 (11.1)
Urinary infection	6 (11.1)
Mucocutaneous infection	3 (5.6)
Other	2 (3.7)
Initial AGI grade, n (%)
I	13 (31.5)
II	24 (55.6)
III	5 (13.0)
APACHEII score	22.0 (19.5-27.8)
SOFA score	9.5 (8.0-11.8)
Feeding intolerance, n (%)	16 (29.6)
Need for MV, n (%)	49 (90.7)
Need for CRRT, n (%)	20 (37.0)
MV-free days	19.5 (1.8-22.8)
CRRT-free days	23.0 (13.3-27.0)
ICU-free days	17.0 (0.0-22.8)
MODS, n (%)	20 (37.0)
Death, n (%)	14 (25.9)

BMI: Body mass index; AGI: Acute gastrointestinal injury; APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; MV: Mechanical ventilation; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU: Intensive care unit; MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

Table 2 Number of patients with feeding intolerance and clinical severity and outcome variables

	Group A (n = 17)	Group B (n = 18)	Group C (n = 19)	P value
Feeding intolerance, n (%)	2 (11.8)	4 (22.2)	10 (52.6)	0.019
MV-free days	19.0 (0.0-21.0)	22.0 (1.0-25.0)	18.0 (4.0-22.5)	0.347
CRRT-free days	20.0 (12.0-28.0)	26.0 (7.8-28.0)	22.0 (14.5-28.0)	0.778
ICU-free days	19.0 (0.0-23.0)	19.0 (0.0-21.8)	16.0 (0.0-21.0)	0.572
MODS, n (%)	6 (35.3)	8 (44.4)	6 (31.6)	0.709
Death, n (%)	4 (23.5)	5 (27.8)	5 (26.3)	0.856

Group A: Patients were assigned to receive 30% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition; Group B: Patients were assigned to receive 60% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition; Group C: Patients were assigned to receive 100% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition. MV: Mechanical ventilation; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU: Intensive care unit; MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

Table 3 Incidence of feeding intolerance symptoms, n (%)

	Group A (n = 17 × 7)	Group B (n = 18 × 7)	Group C (n = 19 × 7)	P value
Feeding intolerance	6 (5.0)	11 (8.7)	22 (16.5)	0.009
Nausea or vomiting	2 (1.7)	3 (2.4)	3 (2.3)	0.758
Diarrhea	2 (1.7)	2 (1.6)	8 (6.0)	0.046
Abdominal pain	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	0.238
Abdominal distention	1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	6 (4.5)	0.054
High gastric residuals	1 (0.8)	2 (1.6)	2 (1.5)	0.653
IAH	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	1 (0.8)	0.422
Paralytic ileus	0 (0.0)	1 (0.8)	1 (0.8)	0.444

Group A: Patients were assigned to receive 30% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition; Group B: Patients were assigned to receive 60% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition; Group C: Patients were assigned to receive 100% of goal caloric requirements of enteral nutrition. IAH: Intra-abdominal hypertension.