Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 14, 2021; 27(26): 4045-4087
Published online Jul 14, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4045
Published online Jul 14, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4045
Table 1 Serum protein biomarkers implicated in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Class | Candidate marker |
Glycolipids and proteins | CA19-9[27,28,33-38,144,160,182,187,213,221], sTRA[39-41], CEA[43], CA125[47,48,50], CA242[55,53], Osteonectin[57], Osteopontin[58-61], DUPAN-2[65-70], LAMC2[73-75], ULBP2[78-80], sCD40L[82], LRG1[84], C4BPA[86], Cofilin-1[88], sgC1qR[91], Trypsinogen-2[92,93], DKK1[96], THBS-2[99-102], THBS-1[103], AGR2[108], REG1A[108], REGIII[108], REG1β[111], REG4[114-117], SYCN[108], LOXL2[108], PARK7/DJ-1[126], TTR[129,130], TTF1[134], TTF2[134], TTF3[134], GPNMB[138], PRX-1[139], TFPI[141], TIMP-1[144], MMP-9[144], IGFBP-1[146], IGFBP-2[147-149], IGFBP-3[147,149], MSLN[148,154], C5[152], MMP-7[155-157], cathepsin-D[156], MMP-12[157], OPG[160], Kisspeptin[165], Galectin[171], MUC16[48,182], MUC5AC[37,182], PAM4[187], HSP27[190,191], CAM17.1[192,193], Fuc-Hpt[194], SAA[196], APN/CD13[200], M2-PK[203,204], APOA2[206-208], APOC1[209], APOC2[210], APOE[211-212], ITIH[213], APOA1[213], APOL1[213] |
Growth factors | TGF-B[215], VEGF[217], FGF-10/KGF-2[138], PDGF[220], TSGF[221] |
Cytokines and chemokines | IP-10[220], IL-6[220,230-232], MIC-1/GDF15[227,228], IL-11[229], YKL-40[232,233], IL-8[230,234,235,237,241], IL-10[214], IL-1β[214], OSM[138], TNF-α[240-244], M-CSF[214], CXCL11[138], SCF[138,247-248], Eotaxin[250], HGF[250], MCP-1[250], CXCL10[250] |
Adhesion molecules | CEACAM1[253,254], ICAM-1[160,262-263] |
Table 2 Serum based non-coding RNA biomarkers implicated in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Type | Candidate marker |
LncRNA | LINC-PINT[277], SNHG15[278,279], LINC01238[280], ABHD11-AS1[281], HULC[282,283], UFC1[284] |
MiRNA | miR-21[285-289], miR-25[288,290,297], miR-210-3p[289], miR-29a[290], miR-19a[290], miR-210[285,291], miR-155[285,292], miR-499a-5p[293], miR-125a-3p[294], miR-6893-5p[294], miR-125b-1-3p[294], miR-6075[294], miR-6836-3p[294], miR-1469[294], miR-6729-5p[294], miR-575[294], miR-204-3p[294], miR-6820-5p[294], miR-4294[294], miR-4476[294], miR-4792[294], miR-196a[285,295], miR-18a[296,297], miR-10b[292-298], miR-106b[292], miR-642-3p[299], miR-885-5p[299], miR-22-3p[299], miR-34a[286], miR-191[297], miR-451a[300], miR-121-5p[298], miR-30c[298], miR-483-5p[290,297], miR-1290[301,302], miR-24[290,297,301], miR-134[301], miR-146a[301], miR-378[301], miR-484[301], miR-628-4p[301], miR-1825[301], miR-1246[302], miR-482-3p[287], miR-16[295], miR-27a-3p[303], miR-192[304], miR-885-5p[299], miR-22-3p[299], miR-642b-3p[299], miR-492[305], miR-663a[305], miR-194[304], miR-223[306], miR-774-5p[307], miR-409-3p[307], miR-128-3p[307], miR-20a[290,297], miR-27a[297], miR-29c[297], miR-30a.5p[297], miR-323.3p[297], miR-345[297] |
Table 3 Serum based ‘liquid biopsy’ biomarkers implicated in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Biomarkers | |
Exosomes | Exosomes: GPC1[310,313], miR-10b[310], miR-30c[310], miR-181-a[310], miR-let7a[310], miR-17-5p[311], miR-21[311], miR-1246[312], miR-4644[312], miR-3976[312], miR-4306[312] |
ctDNA | KRAS[314-317], ADAMTS1[318], BNC1[318] |
CTC | CAPI+/CD45-[319], CK+[319], CEA+[319], CD45-/DAPI+/CEP8[320], CD45[321], CCK19[321], Pdx-1[321], Kras mutation[322], CEP8[323], CK[323], CD45[323], DAPI[323], chromosome 8[324], Folate-receptor positive CTCs[326] |
Table 4 Urinary biomarkers implicated in the detection of pancreatic cancer
Type | Candidate marker |
Protein | LYVE1[334], REG1A[334], TTF1[334], TIMP1[335], MMP-2[335], NGAL[336], PGE2 metabolites[337], CD59 glycoprotein (CD59)[338], ANXA2[338], 21 kDA gelsolin fragment[338], S100A9[338] |
Liquid biopsy | UcfDNA: KRAS mutation[341]; Exosomal miRNA: miR-3940-5p[342], miR-8069[342] |
RNA | MiRNA: miR-143[340], miR-223[340], miR30e[340], miR-1246[18] |
Metallomics | Calcium[344], magnesium[344] |
Other | VOCs[343] |
Table 5 Pancreatic Juice biomarkers implicated in the detection of pancreatic cancer
Type | Candidate marker |
Protein | CA19-9[345-347,349], MIC-1[349], NGAL[349], CEA[347,348,350-352], AMYP[353], PRSS1[353], glycoprotein GP2-1[353], CCDC132[353], REG1A[353], REG1B[353], REG3A[353], LIPRP2[353], KL-6/MUC1[354], CPA5[355], inactive LIPRP1[355], KLK1[355], HBD[355], TTR[355], S100P[356], MMP-9[357], MMP-7[155], DJ-1[357] A1BG[357], PAP-1[358], AGR2[359], IL-8[360], Cathepsin E[361] |
RNA | MiRNA: miR-21[362], miR-155[362] , miR-205[363], miR-210[363], miR-492[363], miR-1427[363]; mRNA: mesothelin[364]; Other: hTERT[365,366], telomerase activity[367-369] |
Liquid biopsy | Exosomes: CEACAM1[371], CEACAM 5[371], tenascin C[371], MMP7[371], LAMB3[371], LAMC2[371], MUC1[372], MUC4[372], MUC5AC[372], MUC6[372], MUC16[372], CFTR[372], MDR1[372], ex-miR-21[373], ex-miR-155[373]; Methylated DNA: KRAS[374,377], ppENK[375,376], p16[375,376], Cyclin D2[376], FOXE1[376], NPTX2[376], TFPI2[376], CD1D[377], KCNK12[377], CLEC11A[377], NDRG4[377], IKZF1[377], PKRCB[377], MUC1[378], MUC2[378], MUC4[378] |
Table 6 Pancreatic cyst fluid biomarker studied in relation to high grade dysplasia and pancreatic cancer diagnosis
Type | Candidate marker |
Protein | CEA[383,384,399,402-407], Glucose[385], MUC4[386,412], PGE2[387,388], IL-1B[386,387], PGE synthetase 2[386], IL-4[389], CA72-4[389], sFASL[389], MMP9[389] AREG[390,391], SPINK1[392], mAB Das-1[393,394], IL-10[395], GM-CSF[395], MUC1[413], MUC2[413], MUC5AC[413] |
RNA | MiRNA: miR-21[396], miR-221[396], miR-18a[397,398], miR-24[397,398],miR-30a-3p[397,398], miR-92a[397,398], miR-99b[397,398], miR-106b[397,398], miR-142-3p[397,398], miR-342-3p[397,398], and miR-532-3p[397,398] |
Other | DNA based-KRAS mutations[399-407,409-411] GNAS mutations[409-411] |
Table 7 Salivary fluid biomarkers studied in relation to pancreatic cancer diagnosis
Type | Candidate marker |
RNA | LncRNA: HOTAIR[428], PVT1[428]; MiRNA: miR-21[286,423,431], miR-23a[423], miR-23b[423], miR-29c[423], miR-1246[422], miR-4644[422], miR-34a[286], miR-155[286], miR-200b[286], miR-376a[286], miR-216[423], miR-940[424], miR-3679-5p[424], miR-17[425], miR-181b[425], miR-196a[425] |
Other | Salivary polyamines: Alanine[427], N1-acetylspermidine[427], 2-oxobutyrate[427], 2-hydroxybutyrate[427] |
Table 8 Biliary fluid diagnostic biomarkers studied with relation to pancreatic cancer
Type | Candidate marker |
Protein | VEGF[217,429], CA19-9[431], CA125[432], CA72-4[432], CEA[432,433], sLR11[434], MUC4[435], IGF-1[217,430], NGAL[436-439], CEAM6[436,440], LG3BP[436], MMP7[436], MUC5B[436], MCM5[441,442], Trypsinogen-1[443], Trypsinogen-2[443] |
Liquid biopsy | Methylated DNA: TFP12[444], NPTX2[444], CCND2[444] |
RNA | MiRNA: miR-10b[292,445], miR-106b[292,445], miR-30c[292,445], miR-155[292,445], miR-212[292,445], miR-1247[446], miR-200a[446], miR-200b[446] |
Table 9 Faecal diagnostic biomarkers implicated in pancreatic cancer
- Citation: O'Neill RS, Stoita A. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Are we closer to finding the golden ticket? World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(26): 4045-4087
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i26/4045.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4045