Intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Table 1 Clinical characteristics

Variable	Total	MAP group	MSAP group	SAP group
Number of patients	149	66	18	65
Age, yr, (mean ± SD)	42.26 ± 12.95	36.62 ± 9.74	47.17 ± 15.17	43.00 ± 13.95
Sex (male/female)	114/35	53/13	13/5	48/17
BMI (kg/m2)	28.21 ± 3.85	27.19 ± 3.77	27.98 ± 4.60	29.47 ± 3.77
APACHE-II score	5.92 ± 3.02	4.00 ± 3.23	6.50 ± 4.75	7.26 ± 4.07
Mortality (%)	0	0	0	0

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; BMI: Body mass index; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

Table 2 Correlation between inflammation indicators and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Variable	Time	MAP group	MSAP group	SAP group	P value
IL-6	On admission	118.62 ± 137.66	98.36 ± 106.36	143.74 ± 174.40	0.445
PCT	On admission	0.46 ± 1.29	0.46 ± 0.74	0.67 ± 1.01	0.399
	72 h	0.35 ± 0.57	0.39 ± 0.49	0.66 ± 0.83
	96 h	0.54 ± 2.51	0.19 ± 0.12	0.51 ± 0.64

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; IL: Interleukin; PCT: Procalcitonin.

Table 3 Correlation between the mild acute pancreatitis and moderately severe acute pancreatitis groups inflammation indicators and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Variable	Time	MAP group	MSAP group	P value
IL-6	On admission	118.62 ± 137.66	98.36 ± 106.36	0.306
PCT	On admission	0.46 ± 1.29	0.46 ± 0.74	0.683
	72 h	0.35 ± 0.57	0.39 ± 0.49
	96 h	0.54 ± 2.51	0.19 ± 0.12

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; IL: Interleukin; PCT: Procalcitonin.

Table 4 Correlation between the mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis groups inflammation indicators and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Variable	Time	MAP group	SAP group	P value
IL-6	On admission	118.62 ± 137.66	143.74 ± 174.40	0.879
PCT	On admission	0.46 ± 1.29	0.67 ± 1.01	0.311
	72 h	0.35 ± 0.57	0.66 ± 0.83
	96 h	0.54 ± 2.51	0.51 ± 0.64

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; IL: Interleukin; PCT: Procalcitonin.

Table 5 Correlation between the moderately severe acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis groups inflammation indicators and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Variable	Time	MSAP group	SAP group	P value
IL-6	On admission	98.36 ± 106.36	143.74 ± 174.40	0.455
PCT	On admission	0.46 ± 0.74	0.67 ± 1.01	0.150
	72 h	0.39 ± 0.49	0.66 ± 0.83
	96 h	0.19 ± 0.12	0.51 ± 0.64

MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; IL: Interleukin; PCT: Procalcitonin.

Table 6 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hydrogen breath test	MAP group	MSAP group	SAP group	P value
On admission	1.63 ± 1.28	2.35 ± 2.14	1.68 ± 1.85	0.649
72 h	1.58 ± 1.29	1.83 ± 2.58	2.13 ± 3.27
96 h	1.60 ± 1.22	1.58 ± 0.93	1.54 ± 1.35

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis.

Table 7 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hydrogen breath test	MAP group	MSAP group	P value
On admission	1.63 ± 1.28	2.35 ± 2.14	0.196
72 h	1.58 ± 1.29	1.83 ± 2.58
96 h	1.60 ± 1.22	1.58 ± 0.93

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis.

Table 8 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hydrogen breath test	MAP group	SAP group	P value
On admission	1.63 ± 1.28	1.68 ± 1.85	0.494
72 h	1.58 ± 1.29	2.13 ± 3.27
96 h	1.60 ± 1.22	1.54 ± 1.35

MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis.

Table 9 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hydrogen breath test	MSAP group	SAP group	P value
On admission	2.35 ± 2.14	1.68 ± 1.85	0.784
72 h	1.83 ± 2.58	2.13 ± 3.27
96 h	1.58 ± 0.93	1.54 ± 1.35

MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis.

Table 10 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in the moderately severe acute pancreatitis group

Hydrogen breath test	P value	MSAP group (n = 18)
		Group A (n = 15)	Group B (n = 3)
On admission	0.353	2.59 ± 2.28	1.12 ± 0.04
72 h		1.97 ± 2.81	1.08 ± 0.43
96 h		1.54 ± 0.95	1.82 ± 0.95

MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; Group A: PaO₂/FiO₂ = 2; Group B: PaO₂/FiO₂ > 2.

Table 11 Correlation between changes in intestinal bacteria and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in the severe acute pancreatitis group

Hydrogen breath test	P value	SAP group (n = 65)
		Group C (n = 28)	Group D (n = 37)
On admission	0.038	2.39 ± 2.61	1.15 ± 0.58
72 h		1.68 ± 1.85	2.85 ± 4.79
96 h		1.84 ± 1.86	1.31 ± 0.71

SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; Group C: PaO₂/FiO₂ = 2; Group D: PaO₂/FiO₂ > 2.