Impact of cytokine storm and systemic inflammation on liver impairment patients infected by SARS-CoV-2: Prospective therapeutic challenges

Table 1 Implication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on patients with hepatic disorders

Hepatic disorders	Main findings of the study	Ref.
NAFLD	NAFLD is associated with a higher risk of symptomatic, severe, and progressive COVID-19	Hashemi et al[137], 2020
	SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with NAFLD required ICU admission and mechanical ventilation concomitant with increased NAFLD progression to NASH	Sachdeva et al[212], 2020
Liver cirrhosis	Patients with liver cirrhosis and COVID-19 are related to worse clinical outcomes and a high mortality rate than patients with COVID-19 alone	Kushner and Cafardi[139], 2020
	SARS-CoV-2 co-infection augmented liver injury as evidenced by worsens decompensated clinical status	Sarin et al[143], 2020
	Cirrhotic patients with COVID-19 had a higher risk of mortality than COVID-19 patients alone, but they are equally mortality rate with cirrhosis patients without COVID-19	Bajaj et al[144], 2021
HCC	Patients with HCC consider a risk group, and HCC is positively related to deterioration symptoms and bad outcomes in COVID-19	Zhang et al[213], 2020
	Patients with cancer are more susceptible to infection and poorer prognosis of COVID-19	Liang et al[147], 2020
Hepatitis B	Patients infected with HBV tend to have a more severe form of COVID-19	Chen et al[150], 2020
	SARS-CoV-2 and HBV co-infection showed monocytopenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia, as well as metabolic disorders	Liu et al[151], 2021
	COVID-19 may induce HBV reactivation, but it rarely occurs	Aldhaleei et al[152], 2020
Hepatitis C	Patients infected with HBV or HCV showed a high risk of mortality and morbidity if co-morbid with COVID-19	Mirzaie et al[155], 2020
	Patient with hepatic c and COVID-19 has an undesirable clinical outcome	Mostardeiro et al[156], 2020
	HCV pre-existing was associated with high mortality	Mangia et al[157], 2020

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ICU: Intensive care units.