Copyright
©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2020; 26(25): 3611-3624
Published online Jul 7, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i25.3611
Published online Jul 7, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i25.3611
Table 1 Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental aspects of the groups studied (n = 1.456)
Characteristics | CD (n = 548) | UC (n = 492) | Controls (n = 416) | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
State of Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | 145 | 26.5 | 100 | 20.3 | 86 | 20.7 |
São Paulo | 102 | 18.6 | 78 | 15.9 | 44 | 0.6 | |
Minas Gerais | 98 | 7.9 | 57 | 11.6 | 38 | 9.1 | |
Bahia | 59 | 0.8 | 69 | 14.0 | 76 | 8.3 | |
Piauí | 82 | 5.0 | 92 | 18.7 | 92 | 2.1 | |
Federal District | 62 | 1.3 | 96 | 19.5 | 80 | 9.2 | |
Age at enrollment (yr) | < 40 | 267 | 8.7 | 159 | 32.3 | 162 | 8.9 |
> 40 | 281 | 1.3 | 333 | 67.7 | 254 | 1.1 | |
Age at Diagnosis (yr) | < 40 | 462 | 4.3 | 299 | 60.8 | Not applicable | |
> 0 | 86 | 5.7 | 193 | 39.2 | |||
Sex | Male | 227 | 1.4 | 168 | 34.1 | 208 | 50.0 |
Female | 321 | 8.6 | 324 | 65.9 | 208 | 50.0 | |
Ethnicity | White | 263 | 8.0 | 189 | 38.4 | 143 | 34.4 |
Non-white | 285 | 2.0 | 303 | 61.6 | 273 | 65.6 | |
Migration | No | 348 | 3.5 | 297 | 60.4 | 266 | 63.9 |
Yes | 200 | 6.5 | 195 | 39.6 | 150 | 36.1 | |
Educational level | Elementary school | 182 | 3.2 | 228 | 46.3 | 177 | 42.5 |
High school | 264 | 8.2 | 202 | 41.1 | 183 | 44.0 | |
Higher education | 102 | 8.6 | 62 | 12.6 | 56 | 13.5 | |
Monthly family income (minimum wages) | Up to 3 | 244 | 4.5 | 253 | 51.4 | 159 | 38.2 |
3 to 5 | 135 | 4.6 | 113 | 23.0 | 102 | 24.5 | |
5 or more | 121 | 2.1 | 89 | 18.1 | 94 | 22.6 | |
Not stated | 48 | 8.8 | 37 | 7.5 | 61 | 14.7 | |
Living condition | Inadequate | 336 | 61.3 | 359 | 73.0 | 266 | 63.9 |
Adequate | 212 | 8.7 | 133 | 27.0 | 150 | 36.1 | |
Cohabitants (n)2 | Up to 1 | 116 | 1.2 | 110 | 22.4 | 83 | 20.0 |
2 to 3 | 299 | 4.6 | 252 | 51.2 | 186 | 44.7 | |
4 to 8 | 133 | 4.3 | 130 | 26.4 | 147 | 35.3 | |
Cohabitants (n)1 | 1 to 3 | 106 | 9.3 | 58 | 11.8 | 51 | 12.3 |
4 to 6 | 220 | 0.1 | 172 | 35.0 | 161 | 38.7 | |
7 or more | 222 | 0.5 | 262 | 53.3 | 204 | 49.0 | |
Rural living | No | 356 | 5.0 | 266 | 54.1 | 223 | 3.6 |
Yes | 192 | 5.0 | 226 | 45.9 | 193 | 6.4 | |
Exposure to domestic animal1 | No | 75 | 3.7 | 64 | 13.0 | 61 | 14.7 |
Yes | 473 | 86.3 | 428 | 87.0 | 355 | 85.3 | |
Breastfeeding (for at least 6 mo) | No | 42 | 7.7 | 21 | 4.3 | 23 | 5.5 |
Yes | 472 | 86.1 | 421 | 85.6 | 362 | 87.0 | |
Not stated | 34 | 6.2 | 50 | 10.2 | 31 | 7.5 | |
Consumption of treated water1 | No | 223 | 40.7 | 316 | 64.2 | 214 | 51.4 |
Yes | 325 | 59.3 | 176 | 35.8 | 202 | 48.6 | |
Vaccination | No | 62 | 11.3 | 71 | 14.4 | 26 | 6.3 |
Yes | 486 | 88.7 | 421 | 85.6 | 390 | 93.8 | |
Infectious diseases1 | No | 65 | 11.9 | 41 | 8.3 | 29 | 7.0 |
Yes | 483 | 88.1 | 451 | 91.7 | 387 | 93.0 | |
Worm disease | No | 193 | 35.2 | 141 | 28.7 | 140 | 33.7 |
Yes | 355 | 64.8 | 351 | 71.3 | 276 | 66.3 | |
Bowel infection | No | 225 | 41.1 | 218 | 44.3 | 229 | 55.0 |
Yes | 323 | 58.9 | 274 | 55.7 | 187 | 45.0 | |
Appendectomy | No | 496 | 90.5 | 484 | 98.4 | 393 | 94.5 |
Yes | 52 | 9.5 | 8 | 1.6 | 23 | 5.5 | |
Exposure to tobacco at diagnosis | Never | 353 | 64.4 | 273 | 55.5 | 280 | 67.3 |
Former | 145 | 26.5 | 191 | 38.8 | 91 | 21.9 | |
Current | 50 | 9.1 | 28 | 5.7 | 45 | 0.8 | |
Familial IBD | No | 438 | 79.9 | 430 | 87.4 | 393 | 94.5 |
Yes | 80 | 14.6 | 46 | 9.3 | 14 | 3.4 | |
Not stated | 30 | 5.5 | 16 | 3.3 | 09 | 2.2 |
Table 2 Significant variables obtained from the comparative univariate and multiple multinomial logistic analysis between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, with healthy control as reference
Characteristics | Univariate multinomial logistic model1 | Multiple multinomial logistic model1 | |||||||
CD | UC | CD | UC | ||||||
OR | P value | OR | P value | OR | P value | OR | P value | ||
State of Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | 2.18 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.881 | 1.84 | 0022 | 0.84 | 0.486 |
São Paulo | 2.99 | < 0.001 | 1.48 | 0.107 | 2.41 | 0.002 | 1.27 | 0.399 | |
Min Minas Gerais | 3.33 | < 0.001 | 1.25 | 0.388 | 2.61 | 0.001 | 1.28 | 0.400 | |
Bahia | 1.00 | 0.994 | 0.76 | 0.215 | 0.98 | 0.941 | 0.69 | 0.156 | |
Piauí | 1.15 | 0.539 | 0.83 | 0.388 | 0.92 | 0.736 | 0.81 | 0.376 | |
Federal District | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Age at enrollment (yr) | < 40 | 1.49 | 0.003 | 0.75 | 0.038 | 1.75 | 0.001 | 1.14 | 0.462 |
> 40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Sex | Male | 0.71 | 0.008 | 0.52 | < 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.052 | 0.59 | < 0.001 |
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Ethnicity | White | 1.76 | < 0.001 | 1.19 | 0.208 | 1.21 | 0.227 | 1.08 | 0.620 |
Non-white | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Educational level | Elementary school | 0.57 | 0.004 | 1.16 | 0.471 | 0.48 | 0.004 | 0.68 | 0.147 |
High school | 0.79 | 0.225 | 1.00 | 0.989 | 0.74 | 0.187 | 0.83 | 0.448 | |
Higher education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Monthly family income (minimum wages) | Up to 3 | 1.19 | 0.304 | 1.68 | 0.004 | 1.79 | 0.007 | 1.61 | 0.032 |
3 to 5 | 1.03 | 0.884 | 1.17 | 0.435 | 1.25 | 0.311 | 1.13 | 0.587 | |
5 or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Not stated | 0.61 | 0.038 | 0.64 | 0.081 | 0.94 | 0.826 | 0.77 | 0.350 | |
Living condition | Inadequate | 0.89 | 0.404 | 1.52 | 0.004 | 1.17 | 0.411 | 1.47 | 0.046 |
Adequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Cohabitants (n)3 | Up to 1 | 1.55 | 0.020 | 1.50 | 0.032 | 1.07 | 0.764 | 1.20 | 0.400 |
2 to 3 | 1.78 | < 0.001 | 1.53 | 0.006 | 1.67 | 0.002 | 1.57 | 0.007 | |
4 to 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Cohabitants (n)2 | 1 a 3 | 1.91 | 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.569 | 1.17 | 0.518 | 0.99 | 0.954 |
4 a 6 | 1.26 | 0.109 | 0.83 | 0.201 | 1.02 | 0.887 | 0.90 | 0.514 | |
7 or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Rural living | No | 1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 0.890 | 1.37 | 0.080 | 1.66 | 0.004 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Consumption of treated water2 | No | 0.65 | 0.001 | 1.70 | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.037 | 1.52 | 0.012 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Vaccination | No | 1.91 | 0.008 | 2.53 | < 0.001 | 3.08 | < 0.001 | 2.46 | 0.001 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Infectious disease2 | No | 1.80 | 0.012 | 1.21 | 0.444 | 1.99 | 0.007 | 1.44 | 0.178 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Bowel infection | No | 0.57 | < 0.001 | 0.65 | 0.001 | 0.56 | < 0.001 | 0.68 | 0.009 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Appendectomy | No | 0.56 | 0.025 | 3.54 | 0.002 | 0.63 | 0.103 | 4.89 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Exposure to tobacco | Never | 1.14 | 0.567 | 1.57 | 0.079 | 1.05 | 0.840 | 1.52 | 0.132 |
Former | 1.43 | 0.141 | 3.37 | < 0.001 | 1.75 | 0.039 | 3.40 | < 0.001 | |
Current | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Familial IBD | No | 0.20 | < 0.001 | 0.33 | < 0.001 | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.30 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Not stated | 0.58 | 0.259 | 0.54 | 0.234 | 0.55 | 0.248 | 0.41 | 0.106 |
Table 3 Non-significant variables obtained from the comparative univariate and multiple multinomial logistic analysis between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, with healthy control as reference
Characteristics | Univariate multinomial logistic model1 | Multiple multinomial logistic model1 | |||||||
CD | UC | CD | UC | ||||||
OR | P value | OR | P value | OR | P value | OR | P value | ||
Migration | No | 0.98 | 0.888 | 0.86 | 0.269 | 0.83 | 0.258 | 1.04 | 0.802 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Exposure to domestic animal2 | No | 0.92 | 0.666 | 0.87 | 0.471 | 0.88 | 0.542 | 0.94 | 0.786 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Breastfeeding | No | 1.40 | 0.210 | 0.79 | 0.435 | 1.14 | 0.661 | 0.60 | 0.116 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Not stated | 0.84 | 0.503 | 1.39 | 0.172 | 0.96 | 0.897 | 1.22 | 0.456 | |
History of worm disease | No | 1.07 | 0.613 | 0.79 | 0.105 | 0.99 | 0.946 | 0.81 | 0.187 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Table 4 Comparative final multiple multinomial logistic model between the Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis groups
Characteristics | Final multiple multinomial logistic model1 | ||||
CD | UC | ||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
State of Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | 1.86 | 1.11-3.07 | 0.85 | 0.52-1.37 |
São Paulo | 2.52 | 1.48-4.28 | 1.27 | 0.75-2.14 | |
Minas Gerais | 2.68 | 1.56-4.58 | 1.30 | 0.75-2.25 | |
Bahia | 0.86 | 0.51-1.45 | 0.71 | 0.43-1.16 | |
Piauí | 0.88 | 0.54-1.43 | 0.84 | 0.53-1.31 | |
Federal District | 1 | 1 | |||
Age at enrollment (yr) | 18 - 39 | 1.73 | 1.25-2.39 | 1.09 | 0.78-1.52 |
40 - 80 | 1 | 1 | |||
Sex | Male | 0.76 | 0.56-1.00 | 0.59 | 0.44-0.78 |
Female | 1 | 1 | |||
Educational level | Elementary school | 0.45 | 0.27-0.73 | 0.67 | 0.39-1.12 |
High school | 0.70 | 0.45-1.09 | 0.84 | 0.52-1.33 | |
Higher education | 1 | 1 | |||
Monthly family income (minimum wages) | Up to 3 | 1.78 | 0.54-1.55 | 1.57 | 0.45-1.35 |
3 to 5 | 1.21 | 1.16-2.70 | 1.14 | 1.02-2.40 | |
5 or more | 1 | 1 | |||
Not stated | 0.92 | 0.78-1.86 | 0.78 | 0.72-1.77 | |
Living condition | Inadequate | 1.15 | 0.79-1.66 | 1.48 | 1.01-2.16 |
Adequate | 1 | 1 | |||
Cohabitants (n)3 | Up to 1 | 1.09 | 0.72-1.65 | 1.24 | 0.82-1.87 |
2 to 3 | 1.70 | 1.22-2.35 | 1.60 | 1.15-2.21 | |
4 to 8 | 1 | 1 | |||
Rural living | No | 1.33 | 0.95-1.86 | 1.62 | 1.16-2.25 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Consumption of treated water | No | 0.72 | 0.51-0.98 | 1.53 | 1.11-2.11 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Vaccination | No | 3.11 | 1.82-5.29 | 2.51 | 1.49-4.21 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Infectious disease2 | No | 1.99 | 1.20-3.26 | 1.37 | 0.80-2.32 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Bowel infection | No | 0.56 | 0.42-0.73 | 0.67 | 0.50-0.89 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Appendectomy | No | 0.63 | 0.36-1.09 | 4.79 | 2.05-11.11 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Exposure to tobacco | Never | 1.08 | 0.66-1.76 | 1.50 | 0.87-2.57 |
Former | 1.81 | 1.06-3.05 | 3.36 | 1.91-5.90 | |
Current | 1 | 1 | |||
Familial IBD | No | 0.19 | 0.20 -1.51 | 0.30 | 0.14-1.23 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
Not stated | 0.56 | 0.10-0.34 | 0.42 | 0.16-0.56 |
- Citation: Salgado VCL, Luiz RR, Boéchat NLF, Leão IS, Schorr BDC, Parente JML, Lima DC, Silveira Júnior ES, Silva GOS, Almeida NP, Vieira A, de Bueno MLQ, Chebli JM, Bertges ÉR, Brugnara LMDC, Junqueira Neto C, Campbell SBG, Discacciati LL, Cézar JPS, Nunes T, Kaplan GG, Zaltman C. Risk factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter case-control study in Brazil. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26(25): 3611-3624
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i25/3611.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i25.3611