Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. May 28, 2020; 26(20): 2514-2532
Published online May 28, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2514
Table 1 List of evaluated studies
Type of tumorRef.Type of biofluidSample sizeMono- or multi- centric studyCohort allocationNMR (MHz)Acquisition temperature and pulse sequences
PC[70]S99 (56 PC; 43 control patients: Benign pancreatic masses, pancreatitis and gallstone disease)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC[67]S30 (17 PC; 23 HS)MonoFuzhou, China500298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC[68]P59 (19 PC; 20 chronic pancreatitis; 20 HS)MonoXi'an, China600298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
PC[71]S157 (122 PC/periampullary cancer; 35 benign pancreatic/periampullary disease)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC[69]P20 (10 PC; 10 HS)MonoPrague, Czech Republic500298 K, CPMG: 128 sc
CRC[87]S57 (38 CRC; 19 HS)MonoBirmingham, United Kingdom800CPMG: 128 sc; TOCSY: 32 sc; hadamard-TOCSY: 8 scasc
CRC[73]S297 (153 mCRC; 139 HS)MultiDenmark600310 K, CPMG: 64 sc; JRES: 1 sc
CRC[72]S112 (42 lCRC; 45 liver metast.; 25 extrahepatic metast.)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC[75]P70 (40 CRC; 30 liver metastases from CRC)MultiHamburg, Germany600300 K, 1D Noesy, CPMG and Diff: 64 sc each
CRC[74]S110 (40 CRC; 32 colorectal polyp patients; 38 HS)MonoXiamen, China600298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC[76]U87(33 PDAC; 54 HS)MonoVerona, Italy600300 K, 1D Noesy 32 sc; JRES and HSQC
PC[77]U89 (32 PDAC; 32 benign; 25 HS)MonoAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
GC[81]U145 (75 GC; 81 HS)MonoSeoul, Korea600298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
GC[78]U123 (43 GC, 40 benign gastric disease, 40 HS)MultiAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 128 sc
CRC[68]U113 (55 CRC; 18 EC; 40 HS)MonoGuangdong, China4001D Noesy: 256 sc
CRC[82]U62 CRCMonoAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
CRC[80]U248 (92 CRC; 156 HS)MonoSeoul, Korea500NA
CRC[83]ST33 (21 CRC; 11 HS)MonoValencia, Spain600283 K, CPMG: 256 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC[84]ST100 (68 CRC; 32 HS)MonoGuangdong, China400298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
CRC[86]ST99 (50 CRC; 49 HS)MonoUnited Kingdom6001D Noesy 2816 sc; 2D COSY, HSQC and HMBC
CRC[85]ST140 (70 CRC; 70 HS)MonoGuangdong, China400298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
Table 2 Panel of altered metabolites’ levels identified in blood samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs healthy controls
S
P
S
PC[70]PC[67]PC[71]PC[68]PC[69]CRC[75]CRC[87]CRC[73]CRC[72]CRC[74]
2-aminobutyrate2
2-hydroxyisovalerate
2-oxoglutarate1
3-hydroxybutyrate
3-hydroxyisovalerate
Acetate
Acetoacetate
Acetone
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Beta-alanine
Citrate
Creatine
Creatinine
Ethanol
Formate
Glucose
Glutamate
Glutamine
Glycerol
HDL
Histidine
Hypoxanthine
Isobutyrate
Isoleucine
Isopropanol
Lactate
LDL
Leucine
Lysine
Mannose
Myo-inositol
N-acetyl glycoproteins
O-phosphocholine
Ornithine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Pyruvate
Serine
Threonine
TMAO
Tyrosine
Urea
Valine
VLDL
Table 3 List of altered metabolites’ levels identified in urine samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs to healthy controls
U
PC[76]PC[77]CRC[79]CRC[80]GC[78]GC[81]
1-methylnicotinamide12
2-furoylglycine
2-hydroxyisobutyrate
2-oxobutyrate
2-phenylacetamide
3-aminoisobutyrate
3-hydroxyisovalerate
4-hydroxyphenylacetate
4-pyridoxate
Acetate
Acetoacetate
Acetone
Acetylated compounds
Alanine
Aminobutyrate
Arginine
Ascorbate
Asparagine
Betaine
Choline
Cis-aconitate
Citrate
Creatinine
Cysteine
Dimethylamine
Dimethyl sulfone
Formate
Fucose
Glucose
Glutamine
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycolate
Guanido-acetate
Hippurate
Histidine
Homocysteine
Hypoxanthine
Indoxyl sulfate
Isocitrate
Lactate
Leucine
Mannitol
Methanol
Methionine
Methylamine
N-acetyl serotonin
N-methyl hydantoin
O-acetyl carnitine
Phenylacetyl glycine
Phenylalanine
Putrescine
Succinate
Sucrose
Taurine
Threonine
Threonine
TMAO
Trans-aconitate
Trigonelline
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Urea
Valine
Xylose
Table 4 Panel of altered metabolites’ levels identified in fecal water samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients versus healthy controls
Fw
CRC[83]CRC[84]CRC[86]CRC[85]
4-aminohippurate2
Acetate
Alanine1
Beta-alanine
Butyrate
Cholate
Deoxycholate
Galactose
Glucose
Glutamate
Glutamine
Glycerol
Hexose-phosphate
Isobutyrate
Isoleucine
Isovalerate
Lactate
Leucine
Litho deoxycholate
Methanol
Ornithine
Phenylacetate
Proline
Propionate
Succinate
Taurine
Valine
Xylose