Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor-15 in premalignant and neoplastic tumours in a high-risk pancreatic cancer cohort

Table 1 Characteristics of participants in pancreatic cancer screening program based on endoscopic ultrasound results

Baseline characteristics	Normal EUS (n = 74)	Pancreatic Cyst (n = 25)	BD-IPMN (n = 9)	Diffuse abnormality (n = 9)	Neoplastic tumours on EUS (n = 3)	P value
Age (yr), mean (SD)	55.0 (9.8)	57.3 (7.9)	60.1 (10.0)	59.3 (8.8)	57.7 (4.5)	0.388
Age quartile, n (%)
Quartile 1 (35-50)	23 (31.1)	5 (20.0)	1 (11.1)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 2 (51-56)	17 (23.0)	7 (28.0)	3 (33.3)	1 (11.1)	1 (33.3)
Quartile 3 (57-63)	20 (27.0)	6 (24.0)	2 (22.2)	3 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
Quartile 4 (64-78)	14 (18.9)	7 (28.0)	3 (33.3)	3 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
BMI, mean (SD)	27.3 (5.2)	27.8 (5.4)	26.8 (4.2)	31.6 (3.4)	24.0 (5.2)	0.117
BMI quartile, n (%)						0.0131
Quartile 1 (19.5-23.8)	18 (24.3)	6 (24.0)	4 (44.4)	0 (0.0)	2 (66.7)
Quartile 2 (23.9-27.2)	22 (29.7)	8 (32.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 3 (27.3-30.4)	18 (24.3)	6 (24.0)	2 (22.2)	3 (33.3)	1 (33.3)
Quartile 4 (30.5-46.7)	16 (21.6)	5 (20.0)	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)	0 (0.0)
Gender, n (%)						0.362
Female	51 (68.9)	18 (72.0)	5 (55.6)	4 (44.4)	1 (33.3)
Male	23 (31.1)	7 (28.0)	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)	2 (66.7)
BRCA2 positive, n (%)	10 (13.5)	7 (28.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	0.0321
First degree relatives with PC, n (%)						0.947
0	3 (4.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
1	43 (58.1)	16 (64.0)	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)	2 (66.7)
2	21 (28.4)	5 (20.0)	5 (55.6)	4 (44.4)	1 (33.3)
3	7 (9.5)	4 (16.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Second degree relative with PC, n (%)						0.432
0	23 (31.1)	9 (36.0)	5 (55.6)	1 (11.1)	2 (66.7)
1	17 (23.0)	9 (36.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (77.8)	1 (33.3)
2	20 (27.0)	3 (12.0)	2 (22.2)	1 (11.1)	0 (0.0)
3	8 (10.8)	3 (12.0)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
4	6 (8.1)	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Youngest PC diagnosis, median (IQR)	50 (44-64.5)	60 (46-66)	65 (45.5-68.5)	53 (38-70)	75 (22-75)	0.519
Ethnicity, n (%)						0.848
Asian	1 (1.4)	1 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Caucasian	70 (94.6)	24 (96.0)	9 (100.0)	9 (100.0)	3 (100.0)
Other	3 (4.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Jewish origin, n (%)	5 (6.8)	7 (28.0)	1 (11.1)	1 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	0.079
Ashkenazi	5 (7.4)	6 (24.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	0.121
Medical history
Personal history of cancer, n (%)	13 (17.6)	5 (20.0)	3 (33.3)	4 (44.4)	1 (33.3)	0.350
Diabetes, n (%)	4 (5.4)	1 (4.0)	1 (11.1)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)	0.434
Insulin, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0.0)	0.184
Oral hypoglycaemic medication, n (%)	4 (7.4)	3 (16.7)	1 (16.7)	1 (14.3)	0 (0.0)	0.840
Smoking status, n (%)						0.188
Never smoked	32 (47.8)	17 (68.0)	5 (55.6)	6 (66.7)	2 (66.7)
Stopped smoking	32 (47.8)	7 (28.0)	4 (44.4)	3 (33.3)	0 (.0)
Still smoking	3 (4.5)	1 (4.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	1 (33.3)
Cigarettes per day, Median (IQR)	13.5 (6.0-20.0)	12.5 (6.3-23.8)	12.0 (1.0-12.0)	10.0 (5.0-10.0)	20.0 (20.0-20.0)	0.929
Cigarettes per day quartile, n (%)						0.963
Quartile 1 (1-6)	11 (30.6)	2 (25.0)	1 (33.3)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 2 (7-12)	7 (19.4)	2 (25.0)	1 (33.3)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 3 (15-20)	14 (38.9)	2 (25.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)
Quartile 4 (25-75)	4 (11.1)	2 (25.0)	1 (33.3)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
Years smoking, n (%)						0.629
< 10	12 (33.3)	3 (37.5)	2 (50.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
11-20	11 (30.6)	3 (37.5)	0 (0.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
21-30	8 (22.2)	1 (12.5)	2 (50.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
31-40	4 (11.1)	1 (12.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)
41-50	1 (2.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
> 50	12 (33.3)	3 (37.5)	2 (50.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)						0.209
Daily	19 (25.7)	7 (28.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
Weekly	14 (18.9)	5 (20.0)	1 (11.1)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)
Social	5 (6.8)	5 (20.0)	2 (22.2)	2 (22.2)	1 (33.3)
No history of chronic consumption	36 (48.6)	8 (32.0)	6 (66.7)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)
Drinks per week, Median (IQR)	6.0 (3.0-15.0)	4 (2.0-10.0)	2.5 (1.0-6.0)	6.0 (1.0-15.0)	21.0 (1.0-21.0)	0.331
Drinks per week quartile, n (%)						0.328
Quartile 1 (1 - 3)	16 (25.8)	6 (31.6)	5 (62.5)	2 (28.6)	1 (33.3)
Quartile 2 (4 - 6)	19 (30.6)	4 (21.1)	2 (25.0)	2 (28.6)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 3 (7 - 14)	11 (17.7)	7 (36.8)	0 (0.0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0.0)
Quartile 4 (15 - 35)	16 (25.8)	2 (10.5)	1 (12.5)	2 (28.6)	2 (66.7)
Age of first drink, Median (IQR)	18.0 (17.0-18.0)	20.0 (18.0-25.0)	19.0 (18.0-21.0)	17.0 (15.0-20.0)	18.0 (15.0-18.0)	0.0331
Years drinking, n (%)						0.129
< 10	2 (3.4)	2 (11.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
11-20	11 (18.6)	3 (17.6)	3 (37.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
21-30	13 (22.0)	6 (35.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (28.6)	1 (33.3)
31-40	22 (37.3)	5 (29.4)	2 (25.0)	1 (14.3)	2 (66.7)
41-50	8 (13.6)	1 (5.9)	2 (25.0)	2 (28.6)	0 (0.0)
> 50	2 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	1 (12.5)	2 (28.6)	0 (0.0)
Biochemistry
CRP, Median (IQR)	1.3 (0.6-2.5)	1.7 (0.7-4.2)	1.4 (0.5-1.9)	0.8 (0.6-4.4)	0.8 (0.3-0.8)	0.835
CA19-9, Median (IQR)	9.0 (6.0-16.0)	9.0 (7.0-15.8)	9.0 (5.7-15.0)	16.0 (8.5-19.5)	47.0 (22.0-47.0)	0.058
MIC-1/GDF15, Median (IQR)	558.2 (449.6-715.3)	574.3 (448.5-830.3)	659.3 (484.2-1077.3)	553.2 (512.9-967.0)	849.1 (604.9- 849.1)	0.178

Quartiles were created using the entire cohort, which were split into 4 groups for the appropriate measurements. Percentages for variables such as cigarettes, drinking etc. are CUMULATIVE, i.e., ignores variables which did not have a number, presumably because the patient doesn’t drink/smoke. Biochemistry of MIC-1 is at baseline. An ANOVA test was used to compare normally distributed continuous variables, whereas a Kruskal-Wallis test was used to comparing ordinal and non-normally distributed continuous variables. A Fisher’s exact test (2-tailed) was used to compare dichotomous variables.

¹Denotes statistical significance. EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; BD-IPMN: Branch duct intraductal mucinous papillary neoplasia; BMI: Body mass index; PC: Pancreatic cancer; IQR: Interquartile range; CRP: C-reactive protein; CA19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9.