Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China

doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 25, Issue 45

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (5989)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Tables (1-5) series.

Item

Count

PDF

439

WORD

228

HTML

3081

Tables (1-5)

160

Sum=3908

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

747

Download

1334

Sum=2081

Dec 7, 2019 (publication date) through May 4, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (9)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

ISSN

1007-9327

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2019; 25(45): 6681-6692
Published online Dec 7, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681

Table 1 Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores among Chinese urban elders with different socio-demographic characteristics (mean ± SD)

Socio-demographic characteristic		n	Dyspep-sia	P value	Diarrh-ea	P value	Abdomi-nal pain	P value	Reflux	P value	Constip-ation	P value	Total	P value
Gender	Male	288	5.5 ± 1.6	0.110	3.4 ± 0.8	0.012	3.4 ± 0.7	< 0.001	2.6 ± 0.9	0.002	3.5 ± 0.9	0.041	18.4 ± 2.9	< 0.001
Gender	Female	400	5.7 ± 1.6	0.110	3.6 ± 0.9	0.012	3.7 ± 1.0	< 0.001	2.9 ± 1.1	0.002	3.7 ± 1.1	0.041	19.5 ± 3.8	< 0.001
Educ-ation	Junior high school or below	390	5.7 ± 1.7	0.040	3.5 ± 0.9	0.511	3.6 ± 0.7	0.046	2.9 ± 1.4	0.009	3.7 ± 1.1	0.162	19.4 ± 3.7	0.014
	Senior high school	225	5.4 ± 1.5		3.6 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.9		2.6 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.9		18.6 ± 3.1
	Bachelor or above	70	5.5 ± 1.5		3.6 ± 0.8		3.5 ± 0.8		2.6 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.8		18.7 ± 3.1
Family month-ly income	< 5000 rmb	360	5.8 ± 1.7	0.007	3.5 ± 0.9	0.754	3.6 ± 0.9	0.486	2.8 ± 1.1	0.134	3.7 ± 1.1	0.039	19.4 ± 3.7	0.007
	5000–8000 rmb	138	5.3 ± 1.5		3.5 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.8		2.6 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.9		18.4 ± 3.1
	> 8000 rmb	189	5.5 ± 1.5		3.5 ± 0.8		3.6 ± 1.0		2.7 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.8		18.8 ± 3.1
City level	First-tier cities	240	5.6 ± 1.5	0.778	3.6 ± 0.9	0.287	3.6 ± 0.9	0.877	2.7 ± 0.9	0.563	3.5 ± 0.9	0.236	19.0 ± 3.2	0.183
City level	Non first tier cities	448	5.6 ± 1.6	0.778	3.5 ± 0.9	0.287	3.6 ± 0.9	0.877	2.8 ± 1.1	0.563	3.1 ± 1.1	0.236	19.1 ± 3.6	0.183

Table 2 Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores among Chinese urban elders with different health status (mean ± SD)

		n	Dyspep-sia	P value	Diarrh-ea	P value	Abdomi-nal pain	P value	Reflux	P value	Constip-ation	P value	Total	P value
BMI	< 18.5	14	5.9 ± 1.7	0.332	4.0 ± 1.2	0.093	4.0 ± 1.1	0.058	2.9 ± 1.2	0.479	3.8 ± 1.1	0.055	20.6 ± 4.4	0.136
	18.5-23.9	344	5.7 ± 1.3		3.5 ± 0.8		3.6 ± 0.9		2.7 ± 1.0		3.7 ± 1.0		19.2 ± 3.4
	≥ 24	324	5.5 ± 1.6		3.5 ± 0.9		3.5 ± 0.8		2.8 ± 1.1		3.5 ± 1.0		18.9 ± 3.6
GI related diseas-es¹	No	540	5.6 ± 1.6	0.482	3.5 ± 0.9	0.089	3.5 ± 0.9	0.230	2.8 ± 1.0	0.018	3.6 ± 1.0	0.022	19.0 ± 3.5	0.189
GI related diseas-es¹	Yes	148	5.8 ± 1.6		3.6 ± 0.9		3.6 ± 0.9		2.6 ± 0.8		3.8 ± 1.1		19.4 ± 3.2
Hypert-ension	No	403	5.6 ± 1.6	0.206	5.6 ± 1.6	0.836	3.5 ± 0.9	0.393	2.7 ± 1.0	0.043	3.6 ± 1.0	0.057	19.0 ± 3.4	0.534
Hypert-ension	Yes	284	5.6 ± 1.7		5.6 ± 1.7		3.6 ±1.0		2.8 ± 1.0		3.6 ± 1.0		19.1 ± 3.6
Diabet-es	No	568	5.6 ± 1.6	0.908	5.6 ± 1.6	0.623	3.6 ± 0.9	0.496	2.8 ± 1.0	0.639	3.6 ± 1.0	0.020	19.0 ± 3.6	0.594
	Yes	119	5.5 ± 1.4		5.5 ± 1.4		3.6 ± 0.9		2.7 ± 0.9		3.8 ± 1.1		19.2 ± 2.9
Dyslipi-demia	No	501	5.5 ± 1.5	0.503	5.5 ± 1.5	0.019	3.5 ± 0.9	0.006	2.7 ± 1.0	0.046	3.6 ± 1.0	0.439	18.8 ± 3.4	< 0.001
Dyslipi-demia	Yes	186	5.9 ± 1.7		5.9 ± 1.7		3.7 ± 1.0		2.9 ± 1.0		3.7 ± 1.1		19.8 ± 3.6

¹Gastrointestinal related diseases included gastritis, gallbladder polyp, and fatty liver. GI: Gastrointestinal; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 3 Factor loading of three food patterns among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)

Food pattern¹		GSRS score²			P value
Food pattern¹		≤ 17	18-20	≥ 21	P value
Pattern 1	Median (25^th, 75^th)	0.0. (-0.32, 0.80)	0.34 (-0.30, 0.83)	0.36 (-0.29, 0.84)	0.200
Pattern 1	Adjusted OR (95%CI)³	Ref.	0.09 (-0.10, 0.27)	0.07 (-0.03, 0.16)
Pattern 2	Median (25^th, 75^th)	-0.10 (-0.70, 0.45)	-0.02 (-0.47, 0.44)	-0.18 (-0.75, 0.56)	0.412
Pattern 2	Adjusted OR (95%CI)³	Ref.	0.05 (-0.13, 0.23)	-0.01 (-0.10, 0.08)
Pattern 3	Median (25^th, 75^th)	0.14 (-0.54, 0.65)	-0.07 (-0.62, 0.57)	0.24 (-0.62, 0.81)	0.199
Pattern 3	Adjusted OR (95%CI)³	Ref.	0.08 (-0.10, 0.25)	0.07 (-0.02, 0.16)

¹The first food pattern was characterized by high intake of salt and tea; the second pattern was characterized by more frequent intake of tubers, fruits, aquatic products, and soybean and nuts; the last pattern was associated with high intake of cereal, vegetables, and meat.

²The total GSRS score was divided into three groups according to the tertiles.

³The linear regression was performed and adjusted for gender, education level, and family income. GSRS: Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Dietary intake amount among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)

Food category		GSRS score¹			P value
Food category		≤ 17	18-20	≥ 21	P value
Cereal	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	300.0 (200.0, 420.0)	300.0 (200.0, 371.3)	300.0 (180.0, 330.0)	0.159
Cereal	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	1.4 (-34.8, 37.5)	-7.4 (-24.6, 9.8)
Tubers	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	21.5 (7.2, 42.9)	21.5 (4.5, 48.2)	20.0 (5.0, 42.9)	0.889
Tubers	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	4.5 (-8.0, 16.9)	0.0 (-6.0, 6.1)
Vegetables	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	300.0 (200.0, 500.0)	300.0 (165.0, 500.0)	300.0 (150.0, 490.0)	0.327
Vegetables	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-20.7 (-77.2, 35.8)	-21.4 (-48.2, 5.4)
Fruits	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	100.0 (50.0, 200.0)	150.0 (50.0, 200.0)	100.0 (42.9, 200.0)	0.108
Fruits	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	15.6 (-13.7, 44.9)	-5.0 (-12.1, 2.0)
Meat	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	50.0 (21.5, 100.0)	42.9 (14.3, 100.0)	40.0 (10.0, 100.0)	0.002
Meat	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-11.9 (-24.9, 1.0)	-5.0 (-12.1, 2.0)
Aquatic products	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	0.0 (0.0, 20.0)	0.0 (0.0, 28.2)	0.0 (0.0, 15.3)	0.764
Aquatic products	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.2 (-9.8, 10.3)	-3.5 (-7.8, 0.8)
Eggs	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	50.0 (25.7, 60.0)	50.0 (21.5, 60.0)	50.0 (21.5, 60.0)	0.953
Eggs	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-0.5 (-7.9, 6.8)	1.5 (-2.8, 5.8)
Bean products	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	25.0 (7.2, 64.4)	22.9 (6.7, 50.0)	14.3 (5.7, 42.9)	0.077
Bean products	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-14.3 (-27.3, -1.2)	-7.2 (-14.3, -0.3)
Dairy products	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mL/d)	85.8 (0.0, 250.0)	35.8 (0.0, 203.8)	71.5 (0.0, 230.0)	0.303
Dairy products	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-24.8 (-50.4, 0.8)	-8.2 (-20.8, 4.4)
Nuts	Median (25^th, 75^th)(g/d)	5.7 (0.0, 20.0)	5.2 (0.0, 20.0)	10.0 (0.8, 25.4)	0.087
Nuts	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.5 (-4.5, 5.5)	3.6 (0.2, 7.1)
Oil	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	24.0 (10.0, 40.0)	24.0 (10.0, 35.5)	24.0 (15.0, 33.5)	0.575
Oil	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-2.9 (-7.6, 1.3)	-0.6 (-2.8, 1.5)
Salt	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	8.0 (6.0, 12.0)	9.0 (6.0, 15.0)	9.0 (6.0, 15.0)	0.318
Salt	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.2 (-1.9, 2.2)	0.2 (-0.8, 1.2)
Tea	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mL/d)	8.3 (0.0, 420.0)	0.0 (0.0, 200.0)	6.7 (0.0, 250.0)	0.384
Tea	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-251.7 (-564.8, 61.5)	-102.2 (-257.5, 53.0)
Alcohol drinks	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mL/d)	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.324
Alcohol drinks	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	5.2 (-10.7, 21.1)	-0.5 (-7.8, 6.8)

¹The total gastrointestinal symptom rating scale score was divided into three groups according to the tertiles.

²The linear regression was performed and adjusted for gender, education level, and family income. GSRS: Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 5 Energy and nutrients intake among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)

Nutrient		GSRS score¹			P value
Nutrient		≤ 17	18-20	≥ 21	P value
Energy	Median (25^th, 75^th) (kcal/d)	1576.0 (1196.3, 1966.7)	1403.9 (1131.1, 1925.4)	1454.7 (1093.4, 1964.1)	0.156
Energy	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-42.5 (-167.2, 82.2)	-15.2 (-78.7, 48.3)
Protein	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	51.4 (39.2, 67.7)	46.4 (33.0, 68.1)	47.3 (33.3, 64.4)	0.113
Protein	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-1.1 (-6.4, 4.2)	-0.9 (-3.5, 1.7)
Fat	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	49.9 (36.7, 74.0)	48.0 (34.1, 64.6)	47.3 (33.6, 69.5)	0.183
Fat	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-4.3 (-9.9, 1.4)	-1.6 (-4.6, 1.3)
Carbonhydrate	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	212.8 (159.9, 284.5)	208.7 (152.0, 279.3)	197.8 (140.0, 291.3)	0.341
Carbonhydrate	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.8 (-20.7, 22.3)	-0.7 (-11.9, 10.5)
Fiber	Median (25^th, 75^th) (g/d)	8.7 (6.4, 13.2)	8.7 (6.0, 13.9)	8.4 (5.5, 12.6)	0.245
Fiber	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.5 (-1.4, 2.4)	-0.2 (-1.1, 0.7)
Vitamin B1	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.8 (0.5, 1.1)	0.8 (0.5, 1.2)	0.849
Vitamin B1	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-0.3 (-1.2, 0.6)	0.1 (-0.5, 0.7)
Vitamin B2	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	0.7 (0.5, 1.1)	0.8 (0.5, 1.1)	0.7 (0.4, 1.1)	0.689
Vitamin B2	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-0.2 (-1.1, 0.7)	0.1 (-0.5, 0.7)
Niacin	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	10.4 (7.7, 14.5)	10.3 (7.4, 15.5)	10.0 (6.8, 14.6)	0.291
Niacin	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-0.3 (-2.0, 1.5)	-0.1 (-1.1, 0.9)
Vitamin B6	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	0.195
Vitamin B6	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.0 (-0.1, 0.1)	-0.0 (-0.1, 0.1)
Vitamin C	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	61.5 (32.0, 108.0)	64.5 (33.9, 110.7)	57.9(25.2, 95.6)	0.380
Vitamin C	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	23.0 (-33.5, 79.5)	-4.7 (-13.9, 4.6)
Vitamin A	Median (25^th, 75^th) (μg/d)	229.2 (130.9, 360.9)	232.1 (102.9, 377.9)	196.7 (94.8, 355.4)	0.228
Vitamin A	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-153.2 (-416.7, 110.3)	-93.0 (-222.7, 36.7)
Vitamin E	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	20.6 (13.1, 32.0)	19.2 (13.1, 31.5)	20.2 (12.6, 32.5)	0.825
Vitamin E	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-0.6 (-4.1, 2.9)	0.5 (-1.5, 2.5)
Calcium	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg /d)	361.8 (212.6, 396.1)	339.7 (192.6, 571.0)	376.8 (211.5, 608.6)	0.440
Calcium	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-30.3 (-99.7, 39.2)	18.2 (-23.3, 59.7)
Phosphorus	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	807.4 (626.6, 122.5)	739.5 (575.9, 1037.9)	753.1 (555.3, 1015.3)	0.179
Phosphorus	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-9.5 (-86.3, 67.3)	-9.5 (-47.6, 28.6)
Potassium	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	1429.7 (1045.8, 1906.6)	1349.8 (982.0, 1942.8)	1262.4 (985.9, 1745.3)	0.070
Potassium	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	53.9 (-119.4, 227.2)	-47.1 (-123.5, 29.2)
Sodium	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	3833.3 (2650.7, 5167.8)	4022.7 (2664.9, 5168.9)	3859.7 (2834.8, 5101.9)	0.874
Sodium	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	-441.2 (-1237.1, 354.7)	-251.0 (-643.4, 141.4)
Magnesium	Median (25^th,75^th) (mg/d)	229.0 (180.2, 329.2)	224.5 (155.6, 313.8)	226.8 (160.2, 325.5)	0.442
Magnesium	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	23.8 (-14.1, 61.7)	0.8 (-12.4, 14.0)
Iron	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	16.8 (12.8, 22.1)	15.5 (11.4, 22.4)	15.5 (11.8, 22.4)	0.195
Iron	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	1.5 (-3.0, 6.0)	0.4 (-1.1, 1.8)
Zinc	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	8.8 (6.7, 11.4)	8.3 (6.0, 11.4)	8.2 (6.2, 11.2)	0.440
Zinc	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	6.3 (-4.6, 17.1)	0.0 (-0.6, 0.6)
Selenium	Median (25^th, 75^th) (μg/d)	34.4 (22.4, 47.1)	30.6 (20.4, 48.5)	31.5 (22.2, 46.3)	0.482
Selenium	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	4.7 (-14.1, 23.6)	0.9 (-5.3, 7.0)
Copper	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	1.5 (1.1, 2.2)	1.5 (1.1, 2.2)	1.4 (1.0, 2.1)	0.512
Copper	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.3 (-0.1, 0.6)	-0.0 (-0.1, 0.1)
Manganese	Median (25^th, 75^th) (mg/d)	4.6 (3.4, 6.3)	4.4 (0.3, 6.6)	4.3 (2.8, 6.3)	0.201
Manganese	Adjusted OR (95%CI)²	Ref.	0.7 (-0.9, 2.3)	-0.0 (-0.3, 0.3)

¹The total gastrointestinal symptom rating scale score was divided into three groups according to the tertiles.

²The linear regression was performed and adjusted for gender, education level, and family income. GSRS: Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Citation: Zhao A, Wang MC, Szeto IMY, Meng LP, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang YM. Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(45): 6681-6692
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i45/6681.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681