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©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2019; 25(45): 6681-6692
Published online Dec 7, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681
Published online Dec 7, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681
Table 1 Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores among Chinese urban elders with different socio-demographic characteristics (mean ± SD)
Socio-demographic characteristic | n | Dyspep-sia | P value | Diarrh-ea | P value | Abdomi-nal pain | P value | Reflux | P value | Constip-ation | P value | Total | P value | |
Gender | Male | 288 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 0.110 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 0.012 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.002 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.041 | 18.4 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Female | 400 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 19.5 ± 3.8 | |||||||
Educ-ation | Junior high school or below | 390 | 5.7 ± 1.7 | 0.040 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.511 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 0.046 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 0.009 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 0.162 | 19.4 ± 3.7 | 0.014 |
Senior high school | 225 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 18.6 ± 3.1 | |||||||
Bachelor or above | 70 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 18.7 ± 3.1 | |||||||
Family month-ly income | < 5000 rmb | 360 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 0.007 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.754 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.486 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.134 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 0.039 | 19.4 ± 3.7 | 0.007 |
5000–8000 rmb | 138 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 3.1 | |||||||
> 8000 rmb | 189 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 18.8 ± 3.1 | |||||||
City level | First-tier cities | 240 | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 0.778 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.287 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.877 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 0.563 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.236 | 19.0 ± 3.2 | 0.183 |
Non first tier cities | 448 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 19.1 ± 3.6 |
Table 2 Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores among Chinese urban elders with different health status (mean ± SD)
n | Dyspep-sia | P value | Diarrh-ea | P value | Abdomi-nal pain | P value | Reflux | P value | Constip-ation | P value | Total | P value | ||
BMI | < 18.5 | 14 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 0.332 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.093 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 0.058 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 0.479 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 0.055 | 20.6 ± 4.4 | 0.136 |
18.5-23.9 | 344 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 19.2 ± 3.4 | |||||||
≥ 24 | 324 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 18.9 ± 3.6 | |||||||
GI related diseas-es1 | No | 540 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.482 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.089 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.230 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.018 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.022 | 19.0 ± 3.5 | 0.189 |
Yes | 148 | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 19.4 ± 3.2 | |||||||
Hypert-ension | No | 403 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.206 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.836 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.393 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.043 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.057 | 19.0 ± 3.4 | 0.534 |
Yes | 284 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 3.6 ±1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 19.1 ± 3.6 | |||||||
Diabet-es | No | 568 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.908 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.623 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.496 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.639 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.020 | 19.0 ± 3.6 | 0.594 |
Yes | 119 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 19.2 ± 2.9 | |||||||
Dyslipi-demia | No | 501 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.503 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 0.019 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.006 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.046 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.439 | 18.8 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 186 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 19.8 ± 3.6 |
Table 3 Factor loading of three food patterns among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)
Food pattern1 | GSRS score2 | P value | |||
≤ 17 | 18-20 | ≥ 21 | |||
Pattern 1 | Median (25th, 75th) | 0.0. (-0.32, 0.80) | 0.34 (-0.30, 0.83) | 0.36 (-0.29, 0.84) | 0.200 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)3 | Ref. | 0.09 (-0.10, 0.27) | 0.07 (-0.03, 0.16) | ||
Pattern 2 | Median (25th, 75th) | -0.10 (-0.70, 0.45) | -0.02 (-0.47, 0.44) | -0.18 (-0.75, 0.56) | 0.412 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)3 | Ref. | 0.05 (-0.13, 0.23) | -0.01 (-0.10, 0.08) | ||
Pattern 3 | Median (25th, 75th) | 0.14 (-0.54, 0.65) | -0.07 (-0.62, 0.57) | 0.24 (-0.62, 0.81) | 0.199 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)3 | Ref. | 0.08 (-0.10, 0.25) | 0.07 (-0.02, 0.16) |
Table 4 Dietary intake amount among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)
Food category | GSRS score1 | P value | |||
≤ 17 | 18-20 | ≥ 21 | |||
Cereal | Median (25th, 75th ) (g/d) | 300.0 (200.0, 420.0) | 300.0 (200.0, 371.3) | 300.0 (180.0, 330.0) | 0.159 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 1.4 (-34.8, 37.5) | -7.4 (-24.6, 9.8) | ||
Tubers | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 21.5 (7.2, 42.9) | 21.5 (4.5, 48.2) | 20.0 (5.0, 42.9) | 0.889 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 4.5 (-8.0, 16.9) | 0.0 (-6.0, 6.1) | ||
Vegetables | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 300.0 (200.0, 500.0) | 300.0 (165.0, 500.0) | 300.0 (150.0, 490.0) | 0.327 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -20.7 (-77.2, 35.8) | -21.4 (-48.2, 5.4) | ||
Fruits | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 100.0 (50.0, 200.0) | 150.0 (50.0, 200.0) | 100.0 (42.9, 200.0) | 0.108 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 15.6 (-13.7, 44.9) | -5.0 (-12.1, 2.0) | ||
Meat | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 50.0 (21.5, 100.0) | 42.9 (14.3, 100.0) | 40.0 (10.0, 100.0) | 0.002 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -11.9 (-24.9, 1.0) | -5.0 (-12.1, 2.0) | ||
Aquatic products | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 0.0 (0.0, 20.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 28.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 15.3) | 0.764 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.2 (-9.8, 10.3) | -3.5 (-7.8, 0.8) | ||
Eggs | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 50.0 (25.7, 60.0) | 50.0 (21.5, 60.0) | 50.0 (21.5, 60.0) | 0.953 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -0.5 (-7.9, 6.8) | 1.5 (-2.8, 5.8) | ||
Bean products | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 25.0 (7.2, 64.4) | 22.9 (6.7, 50.0) | 14.3 (5.7, 42.9) | 0.077 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -14.3 (-27.3, -1.2) | -7.2 (-14.3, -0.3) | ||
Dairy products | Median (25th, 75th) (mL/d) | 85.8 (0.0, 250.0) | 35.8 (0.0, 203.8) | 71.5 (0.0, 230.0) | 0.303 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -24.8 (-50.4, 0.8) | -8.2 (-20.8, 4.4) | ||
Nuts | Median (25th, 75th)(g/d) | 5.7 (0.0, 20.0) | 5.2 (0.0, 20.0) | 10.0 (0.8, 25.4) | 0.087 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.5 (-4.5, 5.5) | 3.6 (0.2, 7.1) | ||
Oil | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 24.0 (10.0, 40.0) | 24.0 (10.0, 35.5) | 24.0 (15.0, 33.5) | 0.575 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -2.9 (-7.6, 1.3) | -0.6 (-2.8, 1.5) | ||
Salt | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 8.0 (6.0, 12.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 15.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 15.0) | 0.318 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.2 (-1.9, 2.2) | 0.2 (-0.8, 1.2) | ||
Tea | Median (25th, 75th) (mL/d) | 8.3 (0.0, 420.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 200.0) | 6.7 (0.0, 250.0) | 0.384 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -251.7 (-564.8, 61.5) | -102.2 (-257.5, 53.0) | ||
Alcohol drinks | Median (25th, 75th) (mL/d) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.324 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 5.2 (-10.7, 21.1) | -0.5 (-7.8, 6.8) |
Table 5 Energy and nutrients intake among Chinese urban elders with different gastrointestinal symptom rating scale scores (n = 688)
Nutrient | GSRS score1 | P value | |||
≤ 17 | 18-20 | ≥ 21 | |||
Energy | Median (25th, 75th) (kcal/d) | 1576.0 (1196.3, 1966.7) | 1403.9 (1131.1, 1925.4) | 1454.7 (1093.4, 1964.1) | 0.156 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -42.5 (-167.2, 82.2) | -15.2 (-78.7, 48.3) | ||
Protein | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 51.4 (39.2, 67.7) | 46.4 (33.0, 68.1) | 47.3 (33.3, 64.4) | 0.113 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -1.1 (-6.4, 4.2) | -0.9 (-3.5, 1.7) | ||
Fat | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 49.9 (36.7, 74.0) | 48.0 (34.1, 64.6) | 47.3 (33.6, 69.5) | 0.183 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -4.3 (-9.9, 1.4) | -1.6 (-4.6, 1.3) | ||
Carbonhydrate | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 212.8 (159.9, 284.5) | 208.7 (152.0, 279.3) | 197.8 (140.0, 291.3) | 0.341 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.8 (-20.7, 22.3) | -0.7 (-11.9, 10.5) | ||
Fiber | Median (25th, 75th) (g/d) | 8.7 (6.4, 13.2) | 8.7 (6.0, 13.9) | 8.4 (5.5, 12.6) | 0.245 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.5 (-1.4, 2.4) | -0.2 (-1.1, 0.7) | ||
Vitamin B1 | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.849 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -0.3 (-1.2, 0.6) | 0.1 (-0.5, 0.7) | ||
Vitamin B2 | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.689 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -0.2 (-1.1, 0.7) | 0.1 (-0.5, 0.7) | ||
Niacin | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 10.4 (7.7, 14.5) | 10.3 (7.4, 15.5) | 10.0 (6.8, 14.6) | 0.291 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -0.3 (-2.0, 1.5) | -0.1 (-1.1, 0.9) | ||
Vitamin B6 | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.195 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | ||
Vitamin C | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 61.5 (32.0, 108.0) | 64.5 (33.9, 110.7) | 57.9(25.2, 95.6) | 0.380 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 23.0 (-33.5, 79.5) | -4.7 (-13.9, 4.6) | ||
Vitamin A | Median (25th, 75th) (μg/d) | 229.2 (130.9, 360.9) | 232.1 (102.9, 377.9) | 196.7 (94.8, 355.4) | 0.228 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -153.2 (-416.7, 110.3) | -93.0 (-222.7, 36.7) | ||
Vitamin E | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 20.6 (13.1, 32.0) | 19.2 (13.1, 31.5) | 20.2 (12.6, 32.5) | 0.825 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -0.6 (-4.1, 2.9) | 0.5 (-1.5, 2.5) | ||
Calcium | Median (25th, 75th) (mg /d) | 361.8 (212.6, 396.1) | 339.7 (192.6, 571.0) | 376.8 (211.5, 608.6) | 0.440 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -30.3 (-99.7, 39.2) | 18.2 (-23.3, 59.7) | ||
Phosphorus | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 807.4 (626.6, 122.5) | 739.5 (575.9, 1037.9) | 753.1 (555.3, 1015.3) | 0.179 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -9.5 (-86.3, 67.3) | -9.5 (-47.6, 28.6) | ||
Potassium | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 1429.7 (1045.8, 1906.6) | 1349.8 (982.0, 1942.8) | 1262.4 (985.9, 1745.3) | 0.070 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 53.9 (-119.4, 227.2) | -47.1 (-123.5, 29.2) | ||
Sodium | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 3833.3 (2650.7, 5167.8) | 4022.7 (2664.9, 5168.9) | 3859.7 (2834.8, 5101.9) | 0.874 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | -441.2 (-1237.1, 354.7) | -251.0 (-643.4, 141.4) | ||
Magnesium | Median (25th,75th) (mg/d) | 229.0 (180.2, 329.2) | 224.5 (155.6, 313.8) | 226.8 (160.2, 325.5) | 0.442 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 23.8 (-14.1, 61.7) | 0.8 (-12.4, 14.0) | ||
Iron | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 16.8 (12.8, 22.1) | 15.5 (11.4, 22.4) | 15.5 (11.8, 22.4) | 0.195 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 1.5 (-3.0, 6.0) | 0.4 (-1.1, 1.8) | ||
Zinc | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 8.8 (6.7, 11.4) | 8.3 (6.0, 11.4) | 8.2 (6.2, 11.2) | 0.440 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 6.3 (-4.6, 17.1) | 0.0 (-0.6, 0.6) | ||
Selenium | Median (25th, 75th) (μg/d) | 34.4 (22.4, 47.1) | 30.6 (20.4, 48.5) | 31.5 (22.2, 46.3) | 0.482 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 4.7 (-14.1, 23.6) | 0.9 (-5.3, 7.0) | ||
Copper | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.512 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.3 (-0.1, 0.6) | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | ||
Manganese | Median (25th, 75th) (mg/d) | 4.6 (3.4, 6.3) | 4.4 (0.3, 6.6) | 4.3 (2.8, 6.3) | 0.201 |
Adjusted OR (95%CI)2 | Ref. | 0.7 (-0.9, 2.3) | -0.0 (-0.3, 0.3) |
- Citation: Zhao A, Wang MC, Szeto IMY, Meng LP, Wang Y, Li T, Zhang YM. Gastrointestinal discomforts and dietary intake in Chinese urban elders: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(45): 6681-6692
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i45/6681.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6681