Systematic Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2019; 25(44): 6561-6570
Published online Nov 28, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i44.6561
Table 1 Studies on pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients with chronic heart failure
Ref.nMean age (yr)Method usedPEI (%)
Xia et al[17], 2017, ChinaAll patients: 104 (85.6% males)70.4FE-1All patients: n = 59 (56.7%)
NYHA I-II: Mild/moderate: n = 7, severe: n = 1; NYHA III: Mild/moderate: n = 15, severe: n = 14; NYHA IV: Mild/moderate: n = 10, severe: n = 12
NYHA I/II: 32
NYHA III: 42
NYHA IV: 30
Vujasinovicet al[18], 2016, SloveniaAll patients: 87 (64.4% males)74.7FE-1All patients: n = 6 (6.9%), mild/moderate PEI: n = 3, severe PEI: n = 3, NYHA II: n = 3, NYHA III: n = 3
NYHA II: 54
NYHA III: 33
Özcan et al[19], 2015, TurkeyAll patients: 52 (61,5% males)67.5FE-1All patients: n = 21 (40.4%)
NYHA I/II: Mild/moderate PEI: n = 3, severe PEI: n = 4
NYHA I/II: 32
NYHA III/IV: 20NYHA III/IV: Mild/moderate PEI: n = 4, severe PEI: n = 10
Table 2 Studies on cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic pancreatitis
Ref.nMean age (yr)Results
Tuzhilin et al[20], 1975, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/United States98Not reportedMarked correlation between the clinical symptoms in CP and chronic coronary insufficiency
Pancreatic enzymes and their inhibitors profoundly affected blood coagulability and appear to influence the course of pancreatic inflammation
Gullo et al[5], 1982, Italy5444.2Arterial lesions were found in 18 patients (33.3%) and in five controls (9.3%) (P < 0.01)
49 (90.7%) males
No differences were found between the two groups for arterial hypertension, smoking habits, or blood lipid abnormalities
Hsu et al[6], 2016, Taiwan1740548.3The overall incidence of acute coronary syndrome was 2.15-fold higher in the CP cohort than in the non-CP cohort (4.89 vs 2.28 per 10,000 person-years) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.64)
14418 (82.8%) males
Compared with individuals without CP, patients with CP aged ≤ 39 years exhibited the highest risk of acute coronary syndrome
CP may become an independent risk factor for acute coronary syndrome
Lee et al[21], 2018, United States3261.7Statistically significant association between a diagnosis of alcohol-related CP and diabetes mellitus, and the presence of an atheroma (calcified carotid artery plaques) on the panoramic image, in comparison with the rate manifested by the historical general population cohort (25% vs 3%; P < 0.05)
(100%) males
de la Iglesia et al[4], 2018, Spain43047.8Together with known major cardiovascular risk factors like smoking and hypertension, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is significantly associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with CP
340 (79%) males