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©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 14, 2019; 25(38): 5826-5837
Published online Oct 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i38.5826
Published online Oct 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i38.5826
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of hepatitis C virus patients, n (%)
Variable | Chronic, n = 206 | Clearance, n = 93 | P value |
Demographic and clinical data | |||
Age, yr (mean ± SD) (range) | 51.0 ± 12.0 (20-78) | 47.1 ± 13.0 (21-74) | 0.100 |
Female sex | 123 (60) | 48 (52) | 0.236 |
Time of evolution, yr | 18.0 ± 14.5 | 20.2 ± 15.6 | 0.156 |
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 27.0 ± 6.0 | 28.0 ± 4.1 | 0.098 |
Normal weight | 76 (36.4) | 19 (19.3) | 0.003 |
Overweight | 87 (42.2) | 51 (54.8) | 0.042 |
Obesity | 43 (20.8) | 23 (24.7) | 0.456 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 105.6 ± 43.6 | 101.6 ± 33.0 | 0.46 |
HOMA-IR > 2.5 | 114 (55.4) | 40 (43.0) | 0.072 |
Type 2 diabetes | 27 (13.1) | 7 (7.5) | 0.183 |
Biochemistry | |||
AST, IU/L | 74.2 ± 53.4 | 30.9 ± 14.4 | < 0.001 |
ALT, IU/L | 76.4 ± 66.7 | 31.5 ± 19.8 | < 0.001 |
Lipid profile | |||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 148.1 ± 43.3 | 184.1 ± 43.1 | < 0.001 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 83.7 ± 37.2 | 112.4 ± 35.4 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127.7 ± 61.3 | 168.2 ± 80.3 | < 0.001 |
VLDL-c, mg/dL | 25.8 ± 14.3 | 33.3 ± 15.8 | 0.001 |
HDL-c, mg/dL | 39.7 ± 13.5 | 41.9 ± 17.7 | 0.766 |
Lipid abnormality | |||
Hypercholesterolemia | 20 (9.8) | 30 (32.2) | < 0.001 |
High LDL-c | 20 (9.7) | 24 (25.8) | < 0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 60 (29.1) | 45 (48.3) | 0.001 |
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia | 85 (41.3) | 44 (47.3) | 0.328 |
Viral genotype | |||
HCV genotype 1 | 138 (66.9) | Not determined | - |
Non-genotype 1 | 68 (33.1) | ||
Fibrosis stage1 | |||
F1 | 26 (29.5) | 30 (62.5) | < 0.001 |
F2 | 19 (21.8) | 11 (22.9) | 0.883 |
F3 | 9 (10.3) | 1 (2.1) | 0.083 |
F4 | 33 (38.5) | 6 (12.5) | 0.002 |
Risk factors for HCV infection | |||
Surgeries | 144 (69.9) | 62 (66.7) | 0.164 |
Blood transfusion | 119 (58) | 36 (38.7) | 0.169 |
Tattooing | 49 (23.7) | 19 (20.4) | 0.375 |
Dental procedure | 49 (23.7) | 18 (19.3) | 0.28 |
Sexual promiscuity | 41 (19.9) | 14 (15.0) | 0.702 |
Acupuncture | 28 (13.5) | 8 (8.6) | 0.464 |
Injection drug use | 27 (13.1) | 10 (10.7) | 0.932 |
Body piercing | 4 (1.9) | 8 (8.6) | 0.002 |
Table 2 APOE allele distribution among the study population and stages of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients, n (%)
HCV-patients | Fibrosis stage in CHC patients4 | |||||
Chronic (n = 206) | Clearance (n = 93) | P value | F1-F2 (n = 49) | F3-F4 (n = 38) | P value | |
Genotypes | ||||||
ε2ε2 | 2 (1.0) | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - |
ε2ε3 | 15 (7.4) | 8 (8.6) | 0.691 | 5 (10.5) | 2 (5.3) | 0.400 |
ε2ε4 | 2 (1.0) | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - |
ε3ε3 | 160 (77.5) | 64 (68.8) | 0.102 | 29 (59.2) | 34 (89.5) | 0.001 |
ε3ε4 | 26 (12.7) | 19 (20.4) | 0.080 | 14 (28.6) | 1 (2.6) | 0.001 |
ε4ε4 | 1 (0.5) | 2 (2.2) | 0.181 | 1 (2) | 1 (2.6) | 0.969 |
Alleles | ||||||
ε2 | 21 (5.1) | 8 (4.3) | 0.674 | 4 (5.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.603 |
ε3 | 361 (87.6) | 155 (83.3) | 0.158 | 78 (78.6) | 70 (93.4) | 0.0222 |
ε4 | 30 (7.3) | 23 (12.4) | 0.0421 | 16 (16.3) | 4 (4) | 0.0233 |
HWE | 0.438 | 0.892 | - | 0.910 | 0.286 | - |
Table 3 Effect of APOE alleles on lipid profile and lipid abnormalities of hepatitis C virus patients
Chronic | Clearance | |||||
E2 (n = 19) | E3 (n = 160) | E4 (n = 27) | E2 (n = 8) | E3 (n = 64) | E4 (n = 21) | |
Lipid profile | ||||||
TC, mg/dL | 140.6 ± 34.1 | 150.9 ± 45.7 | 158.3 ± 45.5 | 142.7 ± 40.3 | 184.3 ± 41.43 | 188.9 ± 424 |
TG, mg/dL | 134.4 ± 78.4 | 130.2 ± 59.6 | 114.2 ± 53.4 | 151.2 ± 81.6 | 169.1 ± 81.1 | 165.8 ± 79.4 |
HDL-c, mg/dL | 36.9 ± 7.7 | 38.8 ± 12.9 | 45.9 ± 17.61 | 34.7 ± 6.5 | 42.6 ± 21.1 | 42.0 ± 9.7 |
VLDL-c, mg/dL | 24.3 ± 11.4 | 26.7 ± 15.3 | 22.1 ± 10.0 | 30.1 ± 16.7 | 33.2 ± 15.7 | 33.1 ± 15.9 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 82.6 ± 29.2 | 85.6 ± 38.2 | 98.7 ± 43.5 | 77.7 ± 29.0 | 110.1 ± 33.15 | 121.6 ± 34.76 |
Lipid abnormalities, n (%) | ||||||
Hypercholesterolemia | 1 (5.3) | 13 (8.1) | 6 (22.2)2 | 0 | 19 (29.6) | 8 (38.1) |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 7 (36.8) | 43 (26.9) | 6 (22.2) | 3 (37.5) | 26 (40.6) | 9 (42.8) |
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia | 10 (52.6) | 75 (46.9) | 9 (33.3) | 7 (87.5) | 30 (46.9) | 10 (47.6) |
High LDL-c | 1 (5.3) | 14 (8.7) | 5 (18.5) | 0 | 12 (18.7) | 7 (33.3) |
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of variables associated with spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance
Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
OR | 95%CI | P value | OR | 95%CI | P value | |
AST, IU/L | 1.058 | 1.040-1.076 | < 0.001 | |||
ALT, IU/L | 1.04 | 1.026-1.054 | < 0.001 | 1.037 | 1.019-1.056 | < 0.001 |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 0.981 | 0.973-0.988 | < 0.001 | 0.977 | 0.963-0.992 | 0.002 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.983 | 0.977-0.989 | < 0.001 | |||
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.993 | 0.989-0.996 | < 0.001 | 0.992 | 0.986-0.999 | 0.027 |
VLDL-c, mg/dL | 0.97 | 0.953-0.987 | 0.001 | |||
Age, (yr) | 1.024 | 1.003-1.045 | 0.023 | |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.962 | 0.913-1.013 | 0.138 | 0.874 | 0.790-0.966 | 0.008 |
Female, sex | 1.358 | 0.833-2.213 | 0.22 | |||
HDL-c, mg/dL | 0.994 | 0.977-1.011 | 0.481 |
Table 5 Receiver operating characteristic analysis of variables associated with spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance
Variable | Cutoff | AUC | P value | Sensitivity, % | Specificity, % | PPV | NPV |
ALT, IU/L | 50.5 | .79 | < 0.001 | 62% | 83% | 88% | 52% |
LDL-c, mg/dL | 101.5 | .72 | < 0.001 | 60.7% | 78% | 79% | 58% |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 117.5 | .64 | < 0.001 | 69% | 55% | 78% | 42% |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6 | .59 | 0.018 | 63% | 54% | 76% | 38.7% |
- Citation: Gonzalez-Aldaco K, Roman S, Torres-Valadez R, Ojeda-Granados C, Torres-Reyes LA, Panduro A. Hepatitis C virus clearance and less liver damage in patients with high cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and APOE ε4 allele. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(38): 5826-5837
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i38/5826.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i38.5826