Biomarkers and potential pathogenesis of colorectal cancer-related ischemic stroke

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients

Characteristic	CRCIS (n = 114)	CRC (n = 114)	P value
Age	65.33 ± 12.45	63.67 ± 9.18	0.748a
Gender
Male, n (%)	78 (68.42)	78 (68.42)	1.000b
Female, n (%)	36 (31.58)	36 (31.58)
Blood tests
WBC (109/L)	7.71 ± 2.27	7.18 ± 1.97	0.058a
HGB (g/L)	114.96 ± 23.09	122.57 ± 85.55	0.360a
PLT (109/L)	242.28 ± 116.46	235.51 ± 82.35	0.613a
NC (109/L)	5.65 ± 2.28	4.16 ± 1.49	< 0.001a
PT (s)	10.94 ± 1.40	10.82 ± 0.98	0.474a
INR	0.95 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.08	0.137a
APTT (s)	29.52 ± 6.79	30.11 ± 6.20	0.496a
FIB (g/L)	5.42 ± 4.42	5.32 ± 4.74	0.862a
D-dimer (μg/mL)	1.40 ± 0.93	0.56 ± 0.47	< 0.001a
CRP (mg/L)	33.54 ± 35.50	28.79 ± 34.38	0.431a
CEA (U/mL)	222.31 ± 175.85	88.48 ± 55.04	< 0.001a
CA125 (U/mL)	47.13 ± 54.32	22.70 ± 34.61	< 0.001a
CA199 (U/mL)	293.41 ± 1428.18	24.83 ± 34.212	0.066a
Type of CRC
Adenocarcinoma	107	110	0.235b
Nonadenocarcinoma	7	4
Systemic metastasis, n (%)			0.080b
Yes	74 (64.9)	61 (53.5)
No	40 (35.1)	53 (46.5)
Methods of therapy, n (%)
Surgery	76 (66.7)	87 (76.3)	0.107b
Chemotherapy	46 (40.4)	33 (28.9)	0.070b
No treatment	28 (24.6)	24 (21.2)	0.528b

^aWith two independent samples t-test;

^bWith chi-square test. CRCIS: Colorectal cancer related-ischemic stroke; CRC: Colorectal cancer; WBC: White blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; NC: Neutrophil count; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; FIB: Fibrinogen; CRP: C-reactive protein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA: Cancer antigen.

Table 2 Data of ischemic stroke onset, n (%)

Characteristic	No. of patients (n =114)
IS lesion pattern
Single arterial lesion	43 (37.72)
Multiple arterial lesions	71 (62.28)
NIHSS scores at the day of IS onset
0-5	31 (27.19)
6-15	66 (57.90)
16-20	13 (11.40)
> 20	4 (3.51)
Time interval between CRC diagnosis and IS onset
IS as the first manifestation of CRC	22 (19.30)
IS onset after CRC diagnosis
0-6 mo	60 (52.63)
7-12 mo	19 (16.67)
> 12 mo	13 (11.40)

IS: Ischemic stroke; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; CRC: Colorectal cancer.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis

Factors	β	SE	Wals (β)	Df	P value	OR	95%CI
D-dimer	0.002	0.001	26.660	1	< 0.001	1.002	1.001-1.003
NC	0.486	0.127	14.617	1	< 0.001	1.626	1.268-2.087
CEA	0.011	0.002	20.104	1	< 0.001	1.011	1.006-1.015
CA125	0.007	0.004	2.595	1	0.107	1.007	0.998-1.016
Constant	-5.843	0.866	45.484	1	< 0.001	0.003

NC: Neutrophil count; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125: Cancer antigen 125; SE: Standard error; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.