Association between Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus and gastric adenocarcinomas

Table 1 Clinicopathological data of patients with gastric cancer and their relation with the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori-cagA, Epstein-Barr virus and human papil-lomavirus

		HP-	HP+		CagA-	CagA+		EBV-	EBV+		HPV-	HPV+
	n (%)	38 (13)	264 (87)	P (95%CI)	98 (23)	204 (77)	P (95%CI)	240 (80)	62 (20)	P (95%CI)	294 (97)	8 (3)	P (95%CI)
Gender
Male	195 (65)	25 (66)	170 (64)	0.866 (0.46-1.92)	60 (61)	135 (66)	0.400 (0.75-2.04)	152 (63)	43 (69)	0.377 (0.72-2.39)	192 (65)	3 (37)	0.105 (0.75-1.36)
Fem	107 (35)	13 (34)	94 (36)		38 (39)	69 (34)		88 (37)	19 (31)		102 (35)	5 (63)
Age
≥ 55	201 (67)	24 (63)	177 (67)	0.635 (0.58-2.41)	65 (66)	136 (67)	0.953 (0.61-1.69)	157 (65)	44 (71)	0.409 (0.70-2.38)	201 (68)	0 (0)	0.000 (1.03-1.15)
< 55	101 (33)	14 (37)	87 (33)		33 (34)	68 (33)		83 (35)	18 (29)		93 (32)	8 (100)
Localization
Proximal	104 (34)	14 (36)	90 (34)	0.837 (0.46-1.87)	37(38)	67 (33)	0.400 (0.49-1.33)	81 (34)	23 (37)	0.621 (0.65-2.07)	100 (34)	4 (50)	0.348 (0.47-7.92)
Distal	198 (66)	25 (64)	173 (66)		61 (62)	137 (67)		159 (66)	39 (63)		194 (66)	4 (50)
Subtype
Intestinal	166 (55)	14 (37)	152 (58)	0.016 (1.15-4.70)	48 (49)	118 (58)	0.147 (0.88-2.32)	127 (53)	39 (63)	0.159 (0.85-2.70)	164 (56)	2 (25)	0.084 (0.05-1.33)
Diffuse	136 (45)	24 (63)	112 (42)		50 (51)	86 (42)		113 (47)	23 (37)		130 (44)	6 (75)
TNM
T
T1-T2	70 (23)	10 (27)	60 (23)	0.624 (0.38-1.79)	27 (28)	43 (21)	0.212 (0.40-1.22)	56 (23)	14 (23)	0.900 (0.49-1.87)	65 (22)	5 (62)	0.008 (1.37-25.22)
T3-T4	232 (77)	28 (73)	204 (77)		71 (72)	161 (79)		184 (77)	48 (77)		229 (78)	3 (38)
N
N0	16 (5)	2 (5)	14 (5)	0.992 (0.22-4.55)	5 (5)	11 (5)	0.916 (0.32-2.79)	13 (5)	3 (5)	0.856 (0.31-4.08)	16 (5)	0 (0)	0.498 (0.92-0.97)
N1-N3	286 (95)	36 (95)	250 (95)		93 (95)	193 (95)		227 (95)	59 (95)		278 (95)	8 (100)
M
M0	141 (47)	18 (47)	123 (47)	0.928 (0.52-2.04)	48 (49)	93 (46)	0.580 (0.71-1.86)	121 (50)	20 (32)	0.011 (1.18-3.85)	137 (47)	4 (50)	0.849 (0.21-3.55)
M1	161 (53)	20 (53)	141 (53)		50 (51)	111 (54)		119 (50)	42 (68)		157 (53)	4 (50)
EBV
EBV+	62 (20)	7 (18)	55 (21)	0.731 (0.49-2.79)	9 (9)	53 (26)	0.001 (1.63-7.37)
EBV-	240 (80)	31 (82)	209 (79)		89 (91)	151 (74)
HPV
HPV+	8 (3)	0 (0)	8 (3)	0.277 (1.01-1.05)	1 (1)	7 (3)	0.222 (0.42-28.41)	6 (2)	2 (3)	0.751 (0.26-6.60)
HPV-	294 (97)	38 (100)	256 (97)		97 (99)	197 (97)		234 (98)	60 (97)

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus.

Table 2 Ratio, in absolute value and percentage, between pathogen (Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus, and human papillomavirus), strain (HPcagA) and tumor location

Infection	Cardia (104)	P (OR, 95%CI)	Fundus (57)	P (OR, 95%CI)	Body (45)	P (OR, 95%CI)	Antrum (95)	P (OR, 95%CI)
HP+ (263)	91 (34.6%)	0.975 (OR = 1.012, 95%CI: 0.494-2.071)	44 (16.7%)	0.012 (OR = 0.395, 95%CI: 0.188-0.831)	40 (15.2%)	0.704 (OR = 1.213, 95%CI: 0.447-3.291)	88 (33.5%)	0.064 (OR = 2.214, 95%CI: 0.938-5.228)
H. pylori-cagA+ (203)	67 (33%)	0.400 (OR = 0.806, 95%CI: 0.488-1.332)	27 (13.3%)	0.000 (OR = 0.361, 95%CI: 0.201-0.648)	35 (17.2%)	0.092 (OR = 1.886, 95%CI: 0.894-3.978)	74 (36.5%)	0.009 (OR = 2.087, 95%CI: 1.191-3.656)
EBV+ (62)	23 (37.1%)	0.621 (OR = 1.158, 95%CI: 0.648-2.069)	1 (1.6%)	0.000 (OR = 0.053, 95%CI: 0.007-0.388)	16 (25.8%)	0.009 (OR = 2.435, 95%CI: 1.227-4.833)	22 (35.5%)	0.444 (OR = 1.258, 95%CI: 0.699-2.266)
HPV+ (8)	4 (50%)	0.348 (OR = 1.940, 95%CI: 0.475-7.920)	0 (0%)	0.162 (OR = 0.803, 95%CI: 0.758-0.850)	2 (25%)	0.436 (OR = 1.894, 95%CI: 0.370-9.686)	2 (25%)	0.690 (OR = 0.720, 95%CI: 0.143-3.637)

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.