Metabolomic alterations and chromosomal instability status in gastric cancer

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study

Term	TCGA system		P value
	CIN	non-CIN	(CIN vs non-CIN)
Number	9	10
Age (median yr, range)	68.1 (56-79)	64.7 (47-87)	0.485
Sex (male/female)	7/2	5/5	0.233
Size (cm)	4.0 (1.8-6.9)	5.4 (2.3-11.6)	0.297
Stage
I	1	0
II	2	1
III	5	8
IV	1	1

TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; CIN: Chromosomal instability.

Table 2 Altered metabolites with statistical significance between gastric cancer tumor tissue and its adjacent healthy tissue

Metabolites		VIP score (VIP > 1.2)	Fold change (tumor/healthy > 1.2 or < 0.8)	P value (P < 0.05)
Increased	Butyrylcarnitine	1.204	1.498	0.002
	Hydroxyhexanoycarnitine	2.021	2.342	0.002
	Inosinic acid	1.218	1.720	0.042
	Isovalerylcarnitine	1.424	2.265	0.006
	Threonine	1.316	1.911	0.019
Decreased	Aspartic acid	1.534	0.544	0.004
	Citicoline	1.973	0.371	0.005
	Glutamic acid	1.356	0.536	0.001
	Glutamine	1.221	0.518	0.005
	Isoleucine	1.323	0.593	0.015
	Oxidized glutathione	1.591	0.54	0.008
	Proline	1.231	0.574	0.001
	Succinyladenosine	1.855	0.293	0.001
	Xanthine	1.966	0.443	0.002

VIP: Variable importance in the projection.

Table 3 Altered genes in patients with gastric cancer

	Patients (%)	Alteration gene
All	53	TP53
	47	JAK2, PSIP1, PTPRO
	37	ARID1A, CDH20, CDKN2A, DCC,ITGB2, MALT1, SYNE1, KMT2C
	32	AFF1, CDH1, CDH11, CDH2, CDH5, CDKN2B, LRP1B, MBD1, MMP2, SMAD2, SMAD4, ZNF521
	26	AKAP9, APC, ATM, BCL2, CYLD, EP400, ERG, FANCA, FN1, IL2, LTF, MAF, MTOR, PBRM1, RUNX1, SAMD9, SMARCA4, TAF1L, TCF12, TLR4, TNK2
	< 21	364 genes
CIN tumor	100	JAK2, PSIP1, PTPRD
	78	CDH20, CDKN2A, DCC, MALT1
	67	TP53, AFF1, CDH1, CDH11, CDH2, CDH5, CDKN2B, MBD1, MMP2, SMAD2
	56	ITGB2, ZNF521, ATM, BCL2, CYLD, ERG, FANCA, IL2, MAF, MTOR, PBRM1, RUNX1, TCF12, TLR4
	44	43 genes
	33	70 genes
	< 22	265 genes
Non-CIN tumor	> 50	None
	40	TP53, SYNE1
	30	ARID1A
	20	ITGB2, KMT2C, LRP1B, AKAP9, SAMD9, SMARCA4, TNK2, RNF213, EPHB6, ERBB3
	10	50 genes
	0	346 genes

GC: Gastric cancer; CIN: Chromosomal instability.

Table 4 Altered metabolites with statistical significance between tumor and non-cancerous tissue

	Metabolites	VIP score (VIP > 1.2)	Fold change (CIN/non-CIN > 1.2 or < 0.8)	P value (P < 0.05)
Tumor tissue	Beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid	1.859	0.567	0.040
	Phosphocholine	1.998	2.093	0.017
	Uridine 5'-monophosphate	1.677	1.632	0.032
Non-cancerous tissue	NAD	1.649	0.607	0.027

VIP: Variable importance in the projection; CIN: Chromosomal instability; NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Table 5 Altered metabolites with statistical significance between chromosomal instability and non-chromosomal instability types

	Metabolites		VIP score (VIP > 1.2)	Fold change (tumor/healthy > 1.2 or < 0.8)	P value (P < 0.05)
CIN tumor	Increased	Aspartic acid	1.309	2.029	0.043
		Citicoline	1.751	2.886	0.033
		Glutamic acid	1.219	2.101	0.011
		Oxidized glutathione	1.642	2.249	0.018
		Succinyladenosine	1.671	3.434	0.011
		Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine	1.264	2.006	0.036
	Decreased	Butyrylcarnitine	1.218	0.590	0.014
		Glutathione	1.214	0.582	0.042
		Hydroxyhexanoycarnitine	1.883	0.397	0.013
		Inosinic acid	1.572	0.506	0.008
		Isovalerylcarnitine	1.657	0.346	0.004
		Threonine	1.714	0.394	0.006
non-CIN tumor	Increased	Glutamic acid	1.424	1.688	0.031
		Oxidized glutathione	1.678	1.676	0.019
		Proline	1.542	1.569	0.003
		Succinyladenosine	1.929	3.207	0.031
		Xanthine	2.360	2.085	0.007
	Decreased	NAD	1.584	0.599	0.047

VIP: Variable importance in the projection; CIN: Chromosomal instability; NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.