Health behaviors of Korean adults with hepatitis B: Findings of the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants in the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 5887)

Variable	Sample size	Mean/ proportion	95%CI
Demographics
Age (yr)	5887	46.7	46.0-47.5
Male (%)	2568	50.3	49.1-50.5
Low income level (%)	1129	16.2	13.7-18.4
Presence of spouse (%)	4970	77.3	75.4-79.1
Education ≥ 10 yr (%)	3839	75.8	71.3-80.3
Current medical history
Hypertension	1387	18.9	17.6-20.4
Diabetes mellitus	575	7.8	7.0-8.7
Dyslipidemia	799	11.3	10.3-12.4
Depression	166	2.6	2.1-3.1
Liver cirrhosis	12	0.2	0.1-0.3
Hepatitis B	192	3.4	2.9-4.0
Anthropometric measurements
BMI (kg/m2)		24.0	23.9-24.1
Abdominal circumference (cm)		82.9	82.4-83.3
Systolic BP (mm Hg)		117.9	117.3-118.5
AST (IU/L)		22.7	22.2-23.2
ALT (IU/L)		22.7	22.2-23.3
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)		100.4	99.6-101.3
HbA1c (%)		5.6	5.6-5.7
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)		193.1	191.9-194.4
Triglycerides (mg/dL)		144.8	139.3-150.4
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)		117.4	114.9-119.8
hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.23	1.17-1.29

BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; AST: Aspartate transferase; ALT: Alanine transferase; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C reactive protein.

Table 2 Health behaviors and self-perceived health status in Korean adult males according to hepatitis B surface antigen status (n = 2568)

Variable	Total(n = 2568)	HBsAg negative(n = 2481)	HBsAg positive(n = 87)	P value1
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Health behavior
Current cigarette smoker	38.6 ± 1.3	38.5 ± 1.3	41.5 ± 5.7	0.591
Alcohol use				0.455
Non-drinker	25.2 ± 1.1	25.1 ± 1.1	29.6 ± 5.9
Monthly	74.8 ± 1.1	74.9 ± 1.1	70.4 ± 5.9
High risk	21.1 ± 1.0	21.3 ± 1.0	17.6 ± 4.5
Body weight status				0.071
Underweight	2.6 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.8
Normal	55.5 ± 1.2	55.5 ± 1.2	66.9 ± 5.4
Overweight	41.9 ± 1.3	42.2 ± 1.3	32.3 ± 5.4
Sleep duration				0.962
Short	37.9 ± 1.2	37.9 ± 1.2	37.6 ± 5.9
Adequate	62.1 ± 1.2	62.1 ± 1.2	62.4 ± 5.9
MVPA				0.840
Inactive	48.6 ± 1.4	48.6 ± 1.4	49.9 ± 6.4
Sufficiently active	51.4 ± 1.4	51.4 ± 1.4	50.1 ± 6.4
Self-perceived health status (range 1-5)	3.12 ± 0.04	3.13 ± 0.04	2.97 ± 0.10	0.146

¹Chi-squared test, except for self-perceived health status (general linear model by complex sampling analysis). Current cigarette smoker: Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoked cigarettes every day (daily) or on some days (nondaily). Monthly alcohol use: Consumption of more than 1 drink per month in the past year. Non-drinker: Lifetime abstainer and subjects who drank less than 1 drink per month in the past year. High-risk alcohol use: Consumption of at least 7 (males) or 5 (females) alcoholic drinks more than two times per week. Adequate sleep: ≥ 7 h per night of self-reported sleep. MVPA: Sufficiently active was defined as ≥ 150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.

Table 3 Health behaviors and self-perceived health status in Korean adult females according to hepatitis B surface antigen status (n = 3319)

Variable	Total(n = 3319)	HBsAg negative(n = 3214)	HBsAg positive(n = 105)	P value1
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Health behavior
Current cigarette smoker	6.1 ± 0.6	6.2 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 1.9	0.260
Alcohol use				0.476
Non-drinker	54.9 ± 1.1	54.9 ± 1.1	54.1 ± 5.3
Monthly	45.1 ± 1.1	45.1 ± 1.1	45.9 ± 5.3
High risk	5.3 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.5	3.8 ± 1.8
Body weight status				0.858
Underweight	5.6 ± 0.6	5.6 ± 0.6	5.5 ± 3.2
Normal	65.1 ± 1.0	65.0 ± 1.0	68.0 ± 5.0
Obese	29.3 ± 1.0	29.4 ± 1.1	26.5 ± 4.8
Sleep duration				0.452
Short	38.1 ± 1.0	37.9 ± 1.2	37.6 ± 5.9
Adequate	61.9 ± 1.0	62.0 ± 1.0	58.0 ± 5.3
MVPA				0.288
Inactive	55.8 ± 1.2	56.0 ± 1.2	49.6 ± 6.0
Sufficiently active	44.2 ± 1.2	44.0 ± 1.2	50.4 ± 6.0
Self-perceived health status (range 1-5)	3.15 ± 0.04	3.15 ± 0.04	3.15 ± 0.14	0.992

¹Chi-squared test (except for self-perceived health status: General linear model by complex sampling analysis). Current cigarette smoker: smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoked cigarettes every day (daily) or on some days (nondaily). Monthly alcohol use: Consumption of > 1 drink per month in the past year. Non-drinker: lifetime abstainer and < 1 drink per month in the past year. High-risk alcohol use: Consumption of ≥ 7 (males) or ≥ 5 (females) alcoholic drinks more than twice a week. Adequate sleep: ≥ 7 h per night of self-reported sleep. MVPA: Sufficiently active was defined as ≥ 150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.

Table 4 Associations between health behaviors and self-perceived health status among Hepatitis B surface antigen positive adults in the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Variable	Self-perceived health status		P value1
	β	95%CI
Health behavior
Current cigarette smoker	0.569	-0.077, 1.215	0.078
Overweight	0.244	-0.388, 0.875	0.410
Sleeps less than 7 h	-0.281	-0.873, 0.311	0.315
High-risk alcohol use	-0.605	-1.092, -0.118	0.020
Physically inactive	0.348	0.089, 0.608	0.013
Covariates
Age (yr)	0.003	-0.018, 0.024	0.778
SBP	0.015	-0.017, 0.047	0.331
WC	0.005	-0.067, 0.076	0.890
HbA1c	-0.279	-1.000, 0.442	0.409
LDL	0.012	0.003, 0.021	0.017
hs-CRP	-0.097	-0.144, -0.050	0.001

¹Multivariate linear regression analysis. CI: Confidence interval; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; WC: Waist circumference; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein.