Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: Mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation

Table 1 Main case series and reports of fecal microbiota transplantation in ulcerative colitis patients

Ref.	UC (n)	Stool material	Volume infusion	Infusion route	Frequency	Donor relationship	Characteristics of outcomes
Kump et al[92], 2013	15	Fresh	100 to 150 g	Rectosigmoidoscopy	1	Unrelated	None of the patients achieved CR
			300-500 mL
Kunde et al[75], 2013	10	Fresh	70 to 130 g 60 mL	Enemas	5	Related	33% patients achieved CR at 1 wk
Angelberger et al[72], 2013	5	Fresh	60 g	Nasojejunal tube	5	Related or unrelated	(0/5) patients demonstrated a remission
			250 mL
Suskind et al[93], 2015	4	NR	30 g	Nasogastric Tube	1	Related or unrelated	(0/4) patients demonstrated a remission
			100 mL
Kellermayer et al[86], 2015	3	Frozen	NR	Colonoscopy	22-30	A single donor	(3/3) patients demonstrated a remission
Damman et al[94], 2015	7	Fresh	175-290 mL	Colonoscopy	1	Related or unrelated	(1/7) patients demonstrated a temporary remission
Wei et al[67], 2015	11	Fresh	60 g	Colonoscopy	5	Unrelated	The Mayo scores of all patients decreased at 4 wk
			300 mL
Cui et al[66], 2015	15	NR	NR	Gastroscope channel	1	1 (73.3%) related; 2 (26.7%) unrelated	28.6% patients achieved CR
Vermeire et al[95], 2016	8	Fresh	100 g	Nasojejunal tube or colonoscopy	2	Related	(2/8) demonstrated a remission at week 8
			200 mL

UC: Ulcerative colitis.

Table 2 Recent randomized, controlled trials of fecal microbiota transplantation in ulcerative colitis patients

Ref.	Rossen et al[69], 2015	Moayyedi et al[70], 2015	Paramsothy et al[96], 2017
n (UC/placebo)	48 (23/25)	75 (38/37)	85 (42/43)
UC arm	50 mL, nasoduodenal, healthy donors	50 mL enema, healthy donors	150 mL, colonoscopic, unrelated donors
Placebo arm	Autologous FMT	50 mL enema, water	150 mL, colonoscopic, isotonic saline
Frequency	At weeks 0 and 3	Once weekly for 6 wk	5 d per week for 8 wk
Evaluation criterion	Remission (SCCAI ≤ 2 + ≥ 1-point decrease in the Mayo endoscopic score) at week 12	Remission (a Mayo score ≤ 2 with an endoscopic Mayo score of 0) at week 7	Remission (Mayo score ≤ 2, all subscores ≤ 1, and ≥ 1 point reduction in endoscopic subscore) at week 8.
Results	30% with FMT vs 20% controls (P = 0.51)	24% with FMT vs 5% placebo (P = 0.03)	27% with FMT vs 8% placebo (P = 0.021)

FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; UC: Ulcerative colitis.