Lymphocytic esophagitis: Still an enigma a decade later

Table 1 Summary of retrospective studies on lymphocytic esophagitis

Ref.	Number of Patients with Lymphocytic Esophagitis	Gender Distribution n (%)	Mean age1 of patients with LE (yr)	Associated conditions	Treatment
Rubio et al[1], 2006	20	Female: 10; Male: 10	31.3 Range: (2-28)	Crohn’s disease, asthma, liver cirrhosis, Sclerosing cholangitis	Not available
Purdy et al[8], 2008	42	Not Available	44 Range: (2-81)	Allergies (drug and non-drug), Helicobacter pylori gastritis, Crohn’s disease	Not available
Xue et al[12], 2015	45 (21 LE-NG) (24 LE-FG)	LE-NG: Female: 15; Male: 7 LE-FG: Female: 15; Male: 9	LE-NG: 59 ± 12 LE-FG: 65 ± 13	Motility abnormalities	Not available
Putra et al[22], 2016	10/22 with nutcracker esophagus 7/33 with ineffective motility 5/14 with diffuse esophageal spasm	Nutcracker esophagus: Female: 11; Male: 11 Ineffective motility: Female: 20; Male: 13 Ineffective motility: Female: 8; Male: 6	Nutcracker Esophagus: 54 ± 11 Ineffective motility: 56 ± 14 Diffuse spasm: 62 ± 11	Nutcracker esophagus, ineffective motility, diffuse esophageal spasm	Diltiazem Proton pump inhibitors Botulinum toxin Peppermint Nitroglycerin sublingual
Kissiedu et al[17], 2016	33	Female: 6; Male: 27	67 ± 10	Smoking, hyperlipidemia, cryotherapy, radio- frequency ablation, endoscopic mucosal resection	Not available
Pasricha et al[14], 2016	27	Female: 17; Male: 10	56 ± 16	IBD, GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, achalasia, drug allergy, asthma, eczema, IBS, cancer, tobacco, alcohol, drug use	Proton pump inhibitors Fluticasone GI cocktail (maalox, donnatal, lidocaine) Prednisone taper
Cohen et al[18], 2012	81	Female: 44; Male: 37	51 Range: (19-84)	GERD, achalasia, allergies, asthma, eczema, IBD, hypothyroidism, alcohol use, tobacco use	Proton pump inhibitors Anti-tumor necrosis factor agent
Basseri et al[25], 2013	4/47 patients with IBD	Female: 23; Male: 24	39.3 ± 14.6	GERD, asthma, IBD, diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, smoking, alcohol use	Not available
Sutton et al[16], 2014	31	Female: 15; Male: 16	8.9	Crohn’s disease, GERD, Infectious/inflammatory disorders, Polyps/neoplasms, Immune disorders, mechanical disorders, functional abdominal pain	Not available
Ebach et al[15], 2011	Crohn’s and LymphocyticEsophagitis: 17 out of 60 patients with Crohn’s	Crohn’s disease patients: Female: 17; Male: 43	Crohn’s disease patients: 13.3 Range: (4.7-20.7)	IBD	Not available
Haque et al[7], 2012	119	Female: 72; Male: 47	63 (Median)	Helicobacter pylori gastritis, celiac disease, duodenal lymphocytosis, Crohn’s disease	Not available

¹Age expressed as mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated. LE-NG: Lymphocytic esophagitis-no granulocytes; LE-FG: Lymphocytic esophagitis-few granulocytes; IBS: Inflammatory bowel syndrome; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 2 Summary of case reports on lymphocytic esophagitis

Ref.	Age (yr)	Gender	Associated conditions	Treatment
Figueiredo et al[20], 2014	30	Male	Behçet’s disease	Endoscopic dilation
			Systemic lupus erythematosus	Swallowed fluticasone
Mandaliya et al[24], 2012	74	Male	Lymphoma	Endoscopic dilation
			Esophagitis	Botox injections
Zhang et al[23], 2016	66	Female	Opioid overdose	Omeprazole 40 mg twice daily
Maejima et al[19], 2015	68	Male	Food impaction	Endoscopic dilation
Niewiarowski et al[31], 2016	82	Female	Acute food impaction	Not available
Vangimalla et al[26], 2016	67	Male	Common variable immune deficiency	Acid suppression
				Endoscopic dilation
Hendy et al[21], 2013	35	Female	Not available	Topical steroids (fluticasone)