Gastric xanthelasma and metabolic disorders: A large retrospective study among Chinese population

Table 1 χ2 analysis of Helicobacter pylori, atrophy, infection, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia rate in xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma group n (%)

Variables	Xanthelasma	Non-xanthelasma	χ2	P
n (male/female)	1163 (602/561)	1163 (602/561)	-	1
Age (yr)	57 ± 11	56 ± 13	-	0.619
Helicobacter pylori infection	358 (30.8)	341 (29.4)	0.269	0.603
Atrophy	155 (13.3)	58 (4.9)	13.1	< 0.01
Intestinal metaplasia	576 (49.5)	166 (14.3)	44.6	< 0.001
Low grade	331 (28.5)	119 (10.3)	15.6	< 0.001
Medium grade	199 (17.1)	43 (3.7)	27.1	< 0.001
High grade	46 (4.0)	4 (0.3)	13.7	< 0.001
dysplasia	24 (2.1)	36 (3.1)	14.3	< 0.01

Table 2 Metabolic factors in xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma groups

Variables	Non-xanthelasma	Xanthelasma	P
n (male/female)	99 (41/58)	99 (41/58)	1.000
Age (yr)	55 ± 13	56 ± 11	0.537
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.1 ± 2.3	23.2 ± 2.3	0.288
Systolic blood pressure	119 ± 16	117 ± 13	0.818
Diastolic blood pressure	73 ± 10	73 ± 13	0.785
Alanine aminotransferase	20 ± 13	20 ± 9	0.953
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	21 ± 6	21 ± 4	0.669
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	67 ± 18	72 ± 21	0.202
γ-Glutamyltransferase (U/L)	23 ± 18	27 ± 32	0.327
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	12.2 ± 3.8	13.4 ± 8.5	0.246
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.07 ± 0.55	1.33 ± 0.63	< 0.05
Albumin (g/L)	47.5 ± 3.2	46.2 ± 3.8	0.063
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.51 ± 0.77	4.59 ± 0.78	0.614
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.45 ± 0.35	1.26 ± 0.33	< 0.01
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.42 ± 0.61	2.56 ± 0.52	0.259
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.71 ± 0.50	5.08 ± 0.58	< 0.001
Hb1Ac (%)	5.49 ± 1.19	5.5 ± 0.17	0.984
Serum uric acid (μmol/L)	303 ± 79	328 ± 91	0.119
CEA (ng/mL)	1.8 ± 1.2	2.8 ± 1.6	< 0.001
CA199 (U/mL)	8.3 ± 9.5	9.4 ± 12	0.780

HDL-cholesterol: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Table 3 Metabolic comorbidities in xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma group n (%)

Metabolic comorbidity	Non-xanthelasma	Xanthelasma	P
Biliary and liver diseases
Chronic liver disease	2 (2.0)	4 (8.9)	0.911
Fatty liver	15 (15.2)	13 (28.9)	< 0.05
Hemangioma	1 (1.9)	1 (2.1)	0.568
Cyst	10 (10.1)	8 (17.0)	< 0.05
Post-cholecystectomy	2 (2.0)	4 (8.5)	0.911
Gallstone	4 (4.0)	3 (6.8)	0.132
Gallbladder polyp	9 (9.1)	3 (6.8)	< 0.01
Cardio-cerebral-vascular disease
Coronary artery disease	1 (1.0)	2 (4.9)	0.877
Atrial fibrillation	0 (0)	1 (2.4)	0.522
Carotid atherosclerosis	5 (5.1)	6 (14.6)	0.223
Stroke	0 (0)	1 (2.4)	0.522
Thyroid disease	4 (4.0)	4 (9.8)	0.187
Diabetes mellitus	1 (1.0)	2 (4.9)	0.877

Table 4 Serum inflammatory markers in xanthelasma and non-xanthelasma groups

Variables	Non-xanthelasma	Xanthelasma	P
White blood cell (× 109/L)	6.0 ± 1.5	5.8 ± 1.6	0.530
Neutrophil (× 109/L)	3.4 ± 1.3	4.0 ± 1.3	< 0.05
Lymphocyte (× 109/L)	2.1 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.8	< 0.05
Hemoglobin (g/L)	141 ± 15	141 ± 17	0.950
Platelet count (× 109/L)	228 ± 63	208 ± 53	0.091
NLR	1.74 ± 0.74	2.62 ± 1.92	< 0.001
PLR	116 ± 41	129 ± 65	0.154
CRP (mg/L)	2.4 ± 4.6	2.4 ± 2.8	0.124

NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 5 Univariable logistic regression of xanthelasma-related factors

Variables	OR	95%CI	P
n (male/female)	1.006	0.571-1.773	0.983
Age (yr)	1.007	0.984-1.131	0.535
Body mass index (kg/m2)	1.188	0.866-1.629	0.286
Systolic blood pressure	0.972	0.904-1.045	0.437
Diastolic blood pressure	1.045	0.938-1.163	0.425
Alanine aminotransferase	1.051	0.975-1.131	0.192
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	0.911	0.801-1.037	0.159
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	1.011	0.986-1.036	0.393
γ-Glutamyltransferase (U/L)	0.992	0.961-1.024	0.623
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	1.071	0.971-1.180	0.171
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.145	0.361-3.632	0.818
Albumin (g/L)	0.902	0.805-1.009	0.072
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.178	0.010-3.133	0.238
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	9.130	0.448-185.8	0.150
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.764	0.183-123.9	0.348
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	3.740	1.721-8.129	< 0.01
Hb1Ac (%)	1.011	0.350-2.924	0.983
Serum uric acid (μmol/L)	1.006	0.999-1.012	0.088
White blood cell (× 109/L)	0.919	0.708-1.194	0.527
Neutrophil (× 109/L)	1.329	1.004-1.758	< 0.05
Lymphocyte (× 109/L)	0.471	0.222-1.000	0.050
Hemoglobin (g/L)	1.012	0.955-1.072	0.695
Platelet count (× 109/L)	0.971	0.927-1.016	0.200
NLR	2.097	1.234-3.564	< 0.01
PLR	1.071	0.995-1.152	0.069
CRP (mg/L)	0.998	0.838-1.188	0.980
CEA (ng/mL)	1.882	1.195-2.964	< 0.01
CA199 (U/mL)	1.007	0.961-1.054	0.777

HDL-cholesterol: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Table 6 Multivariable logistic regression of xanthelasma-related factors

Variables	OR	95%CI	P
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	3.347	1.170-9.575	< 0.05
Neutrophil (× 109/L)	1.617	1.003-2.605	< 0.05
CEA (ng/mL)	2.011	1.236-3.271	< 0.01

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.