Gastrointestinal symptom prevalence depends on disease duration and gastrointestinal region in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Variable	n (%)	mean (95%CI)
Sex, male/female	87/47 (65/35)
Age of 65 yr or older	72 (54)	64.7 (62.8-66.6)
BMI of 25 kg/m2 or more	56 (42)	24.7 (24.0-25.4)
HbA1c of 7% or more	69 (51)	7.1 (6.9-7.3)
Duration of diabetes, yr		13.7 (12.4-14.9)
≤ 4	12 (9)
5-9	27 (20)
10-14	35 (26)
15-19	31 (23)
≥ 20	29 (22)
Incidence of diabetic microangiopathy
Autonomic neuropathy	32 (24)
Distal symmetric polyneuropathy	20 (15)
Retinopathy	31 (23)
Nephropathy	64 (48)
Use of antidiabetic drugs
None	8 (6)
Insulins	34 (25)
Insulins with OAD	22 (16)
OAD only	86 (64)
1 OAD	63 (47)
2 OAD	30 (22)
3 OAD	22 (16)
≥ 4 OAD	11 (8)
GLP-1	6 (4)
GLP-1 with OAD	3 (2)
Insulins	34 (25)
Range of injections per day	1-5
Range of total daily insulin doses, IU	2-114
Insulin glargine	12
Insulin detemir	7
Human NPH insulin	14
Insulin aspart	2
Insulin glulisine	4
Insulin lispro	2
Premixed human insulin 30/70	9
Biphasic insulin aspart 30/70	1
α-Glucosidase inhibitors	38 (28)
Acarbose (150/200/300 mg)	3 (1/1/1)
Miglitol (50/75/100/150 mg)	22 (1/12/18)
Voglibose (0.6/0.9 mg)	13 (5/8)
Biguanides	67 (50)
Buformin 150 mg	1
Metformin (500/750/1000/1500/2250 mg)	66 (12/20/14/19/1)
Thiazolidinediones	26 (19)
Pioglitazone (15/30 mg)	26 (18/8)
Sulfonylureas	54 (40)
Glimepiride (0.5/1/2/3/4 mg)	26 (10/10/2/1/3/)
Gliclazide (20/40/120 mg)	21 (15/5/1)
Glibenclamide (1.25/2.5/5 mg)	7 (1/4/2)
Glinides	3 (2)
Repaglinide 0.75 mg	1
Mitiglinide (10/30 mg)	2 (1/1)
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors	53 (40)
Alogliptin 25 mg	12
Sitagliptin (50/100 mg)	17 (15/2)
Vildagliptin (50/100 mg)	24 (5/19)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists	6 (4)
Liraglutide (0.6/0.9 mg)	4 (1/3)
Exenatide 20 mg	2
Dietary information
Receiving dietary therapy	62 (46)
With salt restriction to < 6 g per day	51 (38)
Range of total energy intake, kcal	1200-1800
Range of total energy intake per IBW, kcal/IBW	21-29
Use of antithrombotic or anti-inflammatory agents
Antiplatelet agents	29 (22)
Anticoagulants	7 (5)
Steroids/NSAIDs	8 (6)
Others1	7 (5)
Use of GI agents
Antacids	29 (22)
Mucosal protectives	13 (10)
Antimicrobials	11 (8)
GI stimulants	18 (13)
Anti-diarrheals	0 (0)
Baseline blood parameters, mean ± SD
WBC, × 1000/μL	6.1 ± 1.9
RBC, × 10000/μL	439 ± 78.1
Hb, g/dL	13.4 ± 2.4
Hct, %	40.8 ± 6.9
Plt, × 10000/μL	21.9 ± 6.6
TP, g/dL	7.1 ± 0.5
Alb, g/dL	3.8 ± 0.3
AST(GOT), U/L	24.4 ± 13.4
ALT(GPT), U/L	24.5 ± 17.7
γ-GTP, U/L	34.1 ± 24.3
CK, U/L	113 ± 63.6
T-Cho, mg/dL	180 ± 39.2
HDL-C, mg/dL	60.3 ± 18.3
TG, mg/dL	128 ± 67.2
cLDL, mg/dL	95.4 ± 26.2
BUN, mg/dL	17.6 ± 11.9
Cre, mg/dL	0.9 ± 0.8
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2	66.6 ± 22.8
UA, mg/dL	5.5 ± 1.4

¹Others’ includes other antithrombotic agents such as prostaglandin E1 derivatives, prostaglandin I2 derivatives, or ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid. Data are expressed as means with the 95%CI in parentheses, with numbers for each sex or numbers with the percentage of the total in parentheses. BMI: Body mass index; GI: Gastrointestinal; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; IBW: Ideal body weight; NPH: Neutral protamine Hagedorn; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OAD: Oral antidiabetic drug.

Table 2 Overlapping of gastrointestinal symptoms

Overlapping symptom	Heartburn, n = 9	Gastralgia, n = 11	Postprandial fullness, n = 17	Constipation, n = 31	Diarrhea, n = 59
Heartburn	-	3/11a	5/17b	5/31	6/59
Gastralgia	3/9a	-	8/17b	4/31	7/59
Postprandial fullness	5/9b	8/11a	-	9/31b	14/59b
Constipation	5/9	4/11	9/17b	-	31/59b
Diarrhea	6/9	7/11	13/17b	31/31b	-

^aP < 0.05 or

^bP < 0.01, significantly different.