Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis

Table 1 Demographical characteristics of the study population categorized by disease phenotype (and healthy controls) n (%)

	PSC-IBD (n = 32)	PSC (n = 11)	UC (n = 32)	Healthy controls (n = 31)
Gender; male/female	24/8 (75%/25%)	10/1 (90.9%/9.1%)	17/15 (53.1%/46.9%)	13/18 (41.9%/58.1%)
Median age (range), yr	35 (18-60)	45 (18-69)	40 (20-71)	44 (22-72)
Overlap syndrome PSC/AIH	6 (18.8)	2 (18.2)	N/A	N/A
Total bilirubin (μmol/L; mean ± SD)	47 ± 56.8	34.4 ± 32.8	13.1 ± 6.7	12.8 ± 6.2
AST (μkat/L; mean ± SD)	1.5 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.8	0.4 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.3
ALT (μkat/L; mean ± SD)	1.8 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 1.1	0.5 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.4
ALP (μkat/L; mean ± SD)	7.4 ± 5.7	4.3 ± 4.9	1.1 ± 0.4	1 ± 0.3
GGT (μkat/L; mean ± SD)	7.5 ± 7.4	12.2 ± 25.5	0.5 ± 0.5	0.7 ± 1.6
IBD extent:
Pancolitis	28 (87.5)	N/A	25 (78.1)	N/A
Left-sided	0 (0)	N/A	7 (21.9)	N/A
Right sided	4 (12.5)	N/A	0 (0)	N/A
IBD activity:
Mild or remission	24 (75)	N/A	20 (62.5)	N/A
Moderate	4 (12.5)	N/A	3 (9.4)	N/A
Severe	4 (12.5)	N/A	9 (28.1)	N/A
Medication during last month:
UDCA	33 (100)	11 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)
5-ASA	26 (81.3)	0 (0)	31 (96.9)	0 (0)
Corticosteroids	12 (37.5)	2 (18.2)	3 (9.4)	0 (0)
Azathioprine	13 (40.6)	1 (9.1)	14 (43.8)	0 (0)
Anti-TNFα	0 (0)	0 (0)	10 (31.3)	0 (0)
Probiotics, E. coli Nissle 1917	4 (12.5)	1 (9.1)	9 (28.1)	0 (0)

PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; ASA: Aminosalicylic acid

Table 2 Statistical expression of relative abundances disruption in the study groups at genus level

Genus	PSC	PSC-IBD	UC
Rothia	↑↑↑	↑↑	NS
Enterococcus	↑↑↑	↑↑	NS
Streptococcus	↑↑	↑↑	NS
Clostridium	↑↑	↑	NS
Veillonella	↑	↑	NS
Haemophilus	↑	↑	NS
Staphylococcus	NS	↑	NS
Coprobacillus	NS	↑	NS
Escherichia	NS	↑	NS
Corynebacterium	NS	↑	NS
Lactobacillus	NS	↑	NS
Coprococcus	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓
Phascolarctobacterium	NS	↓↓	↓↓
Akkermansia	NS	NS	↓↓↓
Roseburia	NS	NS	↓

Only taxa with P < 0.05 in at least one group are presented. ↑↑↑, ↓↓↓: Increased, decreased with P < 0.001; ↑↑, ↓↓: P < 0.01; ↑, ↓: P < 0.05; NS: Non-significant; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.

Table 3 Statistical expression of relative abundances disruption in the study groups at species level

Species	PSC	PSC-IBD	UC
Rothia mucilaginosa	↑↑↑	↑↑	NS
Lactobacillus salivarius	NS	↑↑↑	NS
Streptococcus infantis	↑↑	↑↑	NS
Streptococcus alactolyticus	↑↑	↑↑	NS
Streptococcus equi	↑↑	↑↑	NS
Veillonella dispar	↑↑	↑↑	NS
Veillonella parvula	↑	↑↑	NS
Prevotella copri	↓	↓↓↓	NS
Adlercreutzia equolifaciens	↓↓↓	NS	NS
Faecalibacterium prausnitzi	↓	↓↓↓	↓↓
Coprococcus catus	↓	↓↓	↓
Ruminococcus gnavus	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓↓
Akkermansia muciniphila	NS	NS	↓↓↓
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum	NS	NS	↓↓↓
Clostridium colinum	NS	NS	↓↓↓

Only taxa with P < 0.01 in at least one group are presented. ↑↑↑, ↓↓↓: Increased, decreased with P < 0.001; ↑↑, ↓↓: P < 0.01; ↑, ↓: P < 0.05; NS: Non-significant; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis.