Hepatitis B virus infection and alcohol consumption

Table 1 Light-to-moderate habitual alcohol consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Author (year)	Country	Design	n	Follow-up, years	Alcohol intake	Relative risk for HCC	Ref.
Chen (2006)	Taiwan	Prospective cohort study	3653 with HBV	11	≥ 4 d/wk for ≥ 1 year	1.6	[20]
Wang (2003)	Taiwan	Prospective cohort study	2416 men with HBV	7.8	≥ 4 d/wk for ≥ 1 year	1.28	[23]
Jee (2004)	South Korea	Prospective cohort study	4495 men with HBV	10	25 g/d	1.13	[24]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Heavy alcohol consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Author (year)	Country	Design	n	Follow-up, years	Alcohol intake	Relative risk for HCC	Ref.
Donato (2002)	Italy	Case-control study	464 with HCC (including 92 with HBV) vs 824 controls (including 44 with HBV)	NA	≥ 60 g/d	2.13	[30]
Lin (2013)	Taiwan	Retrospective cohort study	632 cirrhotics with HBV and alcohol vs 132 cirrhotics with HBV alone	2.9-5.2	≥ 80 g/d for ≥ 5 yr	1.33	[31]
Ikeda (1998)	Japan	Prospective cohort study	610 with HBV	4. 1	500 kg (cumulative)	8.37	[32]

NA: Not applicable; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 3 Genetic polymorphisms associated with increased risk of alcoholic liver disease progression

Gene	Polymorphism	Reported association	Ref.
ADH	ADH2*1/*2	Decrease the rate of ethanol metabolism	[47]
	ADH2*1/*1
ALDH	ALDH2*2/*2	Increase alcohol sensitivity	[47]
	ALDH2*1/*2
CYP2E1	C1/C2	Increase free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, and fatty change	[9]
	C2/C2
PNPLA3	rs738409C>G	Increase the risk of liver cirrhosis and HCC	[48,49]
CD14	159TT	Enhance inflammatory responses	[50]
		Develop alcoholic liver disease
TNF-α	238G>A	Develop alcoholic liver disease	[51]

ADH: Alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; CYP2E1: Cytochrome P450 2E1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PNPLA3: Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 4 Genetic polymorphisms associated with hepatitis B virus infection

Gene	Polymorphism	Reported association	Ref.
HLA-DPA1	rs3077 CC	Persistent HBV infection	[52]
HLA-DPB1	rs9277535 GG	Persistent HBV infection	[52]
INTS10	rs7000921 TT or CC	Suppress HBV replication	[53]
		Associated with clearance of HBV infection

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; INTS10: Integrator complex subunit 10.