Factors associated with residual gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in patients receiving proton pump inhibitor maintenance therapy

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux disease patients

Background factors	The number of applicable subjects for the factor
Erosive esophagitis/NERD	19/20
Gender (male/female)	17/22
Atrophic gastritis (+/-)	20/19
Hiatal hernia (+/-)	24/15
Alcohol consumption habit (+/-/unknown)	16/21/2
Smoking habit (+/-/unknown)	4/33/2
PPI types (omeprazole/lansoprazole/rabeprazole/unknown)	5/11/22/1
PPI dose (half/full/double/unknown)	8/26/4/1
Concomitant drug against GERD (+/-)	14/25
Ca antagonist (+/-)	15/24
ASA (+/-)	7/32
NSAIDs (+/-)	2/37
CYP2C19 genotype (RM/IM/PM/unknown)	13/20/5/1
Maintenance PPI therapy period (< 6 mo/6-12 mo/> 12 mo)	3/1/35
Age (mean ± SD)	68.5 ± 11.9
BMI (mean ± SD)	22.7 ± 3.1

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NERD: Non-erosive reflux disease; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CYP2C19: Cytochrome P450 2C19; RM: Rapid metabolizer; IM: Intermediate metabolizer; PM: Poor metabolizer; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Bivariate analysis of background factors associated with frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease scores in the erosive esophagitis patients

Background factors	FSSG scores of the applicable subjects for the factor [mean ± SD (the number)]	FSSG scores of the inapplicable subjects for the factor [mean ± SD (the number)]	P value
Gender (male)	11.4 ± 8.0 (9)	10.8 ± 8.1 (10)	0.9673
Atrophic gastritis	9.0 ± 9.0 (7)	12.3 ± 7.2 (12)	0.2696
Hiatal hernia	9.1 ± 7.2 (12)	14.6 ± 8.2 (7)	0.0817
Alcohol consumption habit	10.8 ± 8.1 (10)	11.4 ± 8.0 (9)	0.6225
Smoking habit	10.3 ± 8.7 (3)	11.3 ± 8.0 (16)	0.9552
Use of half dose of PPI	5.5 ± 0.7 (2)	11.3 ± 8.1 (16)	0.5251
Use of rabeprazole	11.2 ± 8.8 (12)	9.7 ± 6.1 (6)	0.9625
Concomitant drug against GERD	15.6 ± 8.5 (8)	7.8 ± 5.6 (11)	0.0512
Use of Ca antagonist	10.2 ± 5.7 (6)	11.5 ± 8.8 (13)	1.0000
Use of ASA	4.0 ± 2.8 (2)	11.9 ± 7.9 (17)	0.1610
Use of NSAIDs	8.0 (1)	11.3 ± 8.0 (18)	1.0000
CYP2C19 RM genotype	16.7 ± 8.6 (7)	7.8 ± 5.4 (12)	0.0415
Age	ρ = -0.4083		0.0826
BMI	ρ = -0.1490		0.5428

FSSG: Frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; ASA: Acetylsalicylic Acid; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CYP2C19: Cytochrome P450 2C19; RM: Rapid metabolizer; IM: Intermediate metabolizer; PM: Poor metabolizer; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 3 Bivariate analysis of background factors associated with frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease scores in the non-erosive reflux disease patients

Background factors	FSSG scores of the applicable subjects for the factor [mean ± SD (the number)]	FSSG scores of the inapplicable subjects for the factor [mean ± SD (the number)]	P value
Gender (male)	6.5 ± 5.2 (8)	11.3 ± 6.2 (12)	0.0807
Atrophic gastritis	9.6 ± 6.7 (13)	9.0 ± 5.4 (7)	0.9365
Hiatal hernia	7.1 ± 5.0 (12)	12.9 ± 6.4 (8)	0.1510
Alcohol consumption habit	9.0 ± 6.8 (6)	10.2 ± 6.4 (12)	0.4221
Smoking habit	6.0 (1)	10.0 ± 6.5 (17)	0.6270
Use of half dose of PPI	7.2 ± 5.7 (6)	10.4 ± 6.3 (14)	0.2454
Use of rabeprazole	11.8 ± 7.0 (10)	7.0 ± 4.3 (10)	0.2095
Concomitant drug against GERD	10.5 ± 6.7 (6)	8.9 ± 6.1 (14)	0.5896
Use of Ca antagonist	9.0 ± 6.2 (9)	9.7 ± 6.4 (11)	0.5159
Use of ASA	9.6 ± 6.0 (5)	9.3 ± 6.4 (15)	0.8262
Use of NSAIDs	18.0 (1)	8.9 ± 6.0 (19)	0.2568
CYP2C19 RM genotype	5.5 ± 1.0 (6)	11.8 ± 6.3 (13)	0.0151
Age	ρ = 0.0963		0.6863
BMI	ρ = -0.3714		0.1069

FSSG: Frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease; NERD: Non-erosive reflux disease; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; ASA: Acetylsalicylic Acid; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CYP2C19: Cytochrome P450 2C19; RM: Rapid metabolizer; IM: Intermediate metabolizer; PM: Poor metabolizer; BMI: Body mass index.