Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma: Progress and prospects

Table 1 Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in glucose metabolic reprogramming during carcinogenesis

	Genes	Targets	Ref.
Oncogenes	HIF-1	HK1	[55]
		HK2	[55]
		GAPDH	[55]
		PKM	[55]
	Myc	LDHA	[58]
		GLUT1	[59]
		HK2	[60]
	CD147	MCT1	[62]
		GLUT1	[62]
	PIM1	GLUT1	[65]
		PKM2	[65]
Tumor suppressor	P53	GLUTs	[66]
genes	RRAD	GLUT1	[67,68]
		HK2	[67]

GLUT: Glucose transporter; HK: Hexokinase; PKM: Pyruvate kinase isoform M; LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase A; MCT1: Monocarboxylate transporter 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RRAD: Ras-related associated with diabetes.

Table 2 Noncoding RNAs regulate glucose metabolism by directly targeting enzymes and indirectly targeting glycolysis-related pathways

	Targets	noncoding RNAs	Ref.
Enzymes	GLUT1	miR-340	[85]
		miR-1291	[86]
		miR-22	[87]
		miR-144	[88,89]
	GLUT3	miR-195-5p	[90]
	GLUT4	miR-133	[91]
		miR-223	[92]
	HK2	miR-143	[93-95]
		miR-155/ miR-143	[96]
		miR-34a	[102,103]
	PKM2	miR-122	[98]
		miR-133-a/b	[99]
		miR-326	[100]
	PFK	miR-52s	[101]
	LDHA	miR-34a	[102,103]
	MCT1	miR-199a-3p	[104]
Pathways	AMPK	miR-451	[111-113]
		miR-195	[112]
	PI3K/Akt/mTOR	miR-125a	[114]
		miR-7	[115]

GLUT: Glucose transporter; HK2: Hexokinase 2; PKM2: Pyruvate kinase isoform M2; PFK: Phosphate fructose kinase; LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase A; MCT1: Monocarboxylate transporter 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.