Percutaneous ablation of pancreatic cancer

Table 1 Summary of studies concerning radiofrequency ablation

Authors	Number of patients	Lesion type	Location	Treatment type	Approach	Needle	Mean treatment duration	Conclusion
D’Onofrio et al[8]	18	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Head	Radiofrequency ablation	Percutaneous with US	17 G	3 min and 13 s	High success rate, with 40% of cases showing CA 19.9 reduction
Carrafiello et al[26]	1	Pancreatic metastases from renal cell	Body-tail	Radiofrequency ablation	Percutaneous with CT	19 G	8 min and 35 s	RFA is feasible for
								metastatic lesions at body-tail
Limmer et al[27]	1	Insulinoma	Body-tail	Radiofrequency ablation	Percutaneous with CT	16 G	18 min	RFA proved to be a clinically successful
								procedure
Wu et al[28]	1	Gastrinoma	Tail	Radiofrequency ablation	Percutaneous transplenic with CT	-	-	Percutaneous transplenic RFA is feasible
Singh et al[29]	11	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	-	Radiofrequency ablation	1 percutaneous with CT + 10 laparoscopic	-	-	RFA is a safe and feasible technique of tumor cytoreduction
Rossi et al[30]	8	Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors	Head and body-tail	Radiofrequency ablation	Percutaneous with CT	17 and 19 G	9 min	RFA is a feasible, safe, and effective option

US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation.

Table 2 Summary of study concerning microwave ablation

Authors	Number of patients	Lesion	Location	Treatment type	Approach	Needle	Mean treatment duration	Conclusion
Carrafiello et al[47]	5	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Head	Microwave ablation	Percutaneous with US	-	-	Microwave ablation appears to be feasible in palliative treatment

Table 3 Summary of studies concerning cryosurgery

Authors	Number of patients	Lesion	Location	Treatment type	Approach	Needle	Mean treatment duration	Conclusion
Xu et al[9]	49	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	-	Cryosurgery	36 percutaneous with US or CT + 13 intraoperative	2 or 3 mm	-	Cryosurgery is associated with a low rate of adverse effects
Li et al[54]	2	Neuroendocrine tumors	Head and tail	Cryosurgery	Percutaneous with US and CT	1.7 mm and 2 mm	10 and 15 min	Percutaneous cryosurgery is minimally invasive and
								has advantages compared with conventional surgery
Niu et al[55]	67	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	-	Cryosurgery	Percutaneous with US and CT	1.7 mm	-	Cryoimmunotherapy significantly increased overall survival in metastatic
								pancreatic cancer

US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography.

Table 4 Summary of studies concerning irreversible ablation

Authors	Number of patients	Lesion	Location	Treatment type	Approach	Needle	Mean treatment duration	Conclusion
Bagla et al[72]	1	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Body-tail	Irreversible electroporation	Percutaneous with US and CT	22 G	-	Percutaneous IRE showed promise as a feasible and potentially safe method for unresectable tumor
Martin et al[73]	27	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	15 head + 12 body-tail	Irreversible electroporation	1 percutaneous + 26 surgical	-	-	IRE ablation is safe and feasible as a primary local treatment in unresectable locally advanced disease
Narayanan et al[10]	14	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	6 head + 1 uncinated process + 7 body-tail	Irreversible electroporation	Percutaneous with CT	-	-	Percutaneous IRE in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is feasible and safe
Månsson et al[11]	24	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	19 head + 5 body-tail	Irreversible electroporation	Percutaneous with US	-	-	Percutaneous IRE is reasonably safe and shows promising results for efficacy

US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed tomography; IRE: Irreversible electroporation.