Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection

Table 1 Profile of various studies on occult hepatitis B infection in patients with hepatitis C virus infection

Ref.	Years	Study population	OBI
Fukuda et al[52]	1999	65 patients with HCV-related liver disease	34/65 (52.3%)
Kao et al[53]	2002	210 patients with HCV-related liver disease	31/210 (14.8%)
Besisik et al[54]	2003	33 HCV positive patients on hemodialysis	12/33 (36.4%)
Georgiadou et al[55]	2004	187 patients with HCV-related liver disease	49/187
Khattab et al[56]	2005	53 patients with chronic HCV infection	4/53 (7.5%)
Goral et al[57]	2006	50 HCV positive patients on hemodialysis	0/50
Branco et al[43]	2007	46 patients with HCV-related liver disease	9/46 (19.5%)
Toyoda et al[58]	2007	95 HCV positive patients with HCC	2/95 (2.1%)
Shetty et al[59]	2008	44 HCV positive patients with liver cirrhosis	22/44 (50%)
Tamori et al[60]	2009	50 HCV positive patients with HCC	21/50 (42%)
Chen et al[61]	2010	126 patients with chronic HCV infection	6/126 (5%)
Jang et al[62]	2011	32 patients with chronic HCV infection	9/32 (28.1%)
Joukar et al[63]	2012	59 HCV positive patients on hemodialysis	0/59
Vakili Ghartavol et al[64]	2013	50 patients with chronic HCV infection	18/50(36%)
Kishk et al[65]	2014	162 patients with chronic HCV infection	3/162 (1.85%)
Mandour et al[66]	2015	210 patients with chronic HCV infection	53/210 (25.2%)

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 2 Rates of occult hepatitis B infection among HIV positive patients in some countries

Ref.	Country	Prevalence %	Year
Vargas et al[73]	Chile	0/192 (0)	2016
Alvarez-Muñoz et al[74]	Mexico	24/49 (49.0)	2014
Chadwick et al[75]	England	15/335 (4.5)	2014
Coffin et al[76]	Canada	19/45 (42.0)	2014
Dapena et al[77]	Spain	6/254 (2.4)	2013
Khamduang et al[78]	Thailand	47/200 (23.5)	2013
Bell et al[79]	Africa	45/298 (15.1)	2012
Panigrahi et al[80]	India	12/112 (10.7)	2012
Bagaglio et al[81]	Italy	9/29 (31.0)	2011
Gupta et al[82]	India	24/53 (45.3)	2010
Hakeem et al[83]	Scotland	2/70 (2.8)	2010
Morsica et al[84]	Italy	27/175 (15)	2009
Azadmanesh et al[85]	Iran	3/22 (13.6)	2008
Tsui et al[86]	United States	8/400 (2.0)	2007

Table 3 Prevalence of occult hepatitis B infection among healthcare workers

Ref.	Country	No. of samples	No. of OBI cases	No. of cases positive for anti-HBc	Year
Borzooy et al[188]	Iran	120	4 (3.3)	0 (0)	2015
Chiarakul et al[189]	Thailand	36	4 (11)	4 (100)	2011
Slusarczyk et al[185]	Poland	961	6 (4)	4 (100%)	2012
Shim et al[190]	Korea	334	0	0	2011
Sukriti et al[191]	India	120	6 (5)	6 (100)	2008
Yen et al[192]	Taiwan	250	16 (6.4)	13 (81)	2005

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection. HBc: Hepatitis B core.