Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer

Table 1 List of molecules responsible for formation of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer

Symbol	Full name	Location	Biological functions	Oncological functions	Interacting molecules, pathways	Ref.
Penetration of the gastric wall
CDH1	Cadherin 1, E-cadherin	16q22.1	Cell-cell adhesion	Proliferation, invasion, migration	Wnt, Rho GTPases, NF-κB pathways, EMT	[22]
ANXA1	Annexin 1	9q21.13	Calcium and membrane-binding protein	Proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis	MAPK/ERK pathway	[30]
NRAGE	Neurotrophin receptor-interacting melanoma antigen-encoding gene homolog	Xp11.23	Normal developmental apoptosis of sympathetic, sensory and motor neurons	Proliferation, apoptosis	AATF, p75NTR, PCNA	[37]
Survival and proliferation in the abdominal cavity
HIF1A	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α subunit	14q23.2	Regulator of cellular and systemic homeostatic response to hypoxia	Energy metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis	Reactive oxygen species, NF-κB pathway	[20]
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog	10 q23	Dephosphorylating phosphoinositide substrates	Growth, migration	PI3K/NF-κB pathway, FAK	[48]
CXCR4	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	2q21	Chemokine receptor	Invasion, metastasis	PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, mTOR pathways	[52,55]
CXCL12	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12	10q11.1	Ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor and CXCR4	Metastasis, angiogenesis
AREG	Amphiregulin	4q13.3	Epidermal growth factor, mammary gland, oocyte and bone tissue development	Proliferation, migration	EGF, TGF-α, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis	[60]
HBEGF	Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor	5q23	Ligand for EGFR
Adhesion and invasion to the mesothelium
ITGA3	Integrin subunit a 3	17q21.33	Cell surface adhesion	Metastasis, adhesion	Laminin	[69]
MMP7	Matrix metalloproteinase 7	11q22.2	Extracellular matrix degradation	Proliferation, invasion	E-cadherin, TGF-β, EMT	[75]
CTGF	Connective tissue growth factor	6q23.1	Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, cell adhesion	Growth, migration, adhesion	Integrin a3b1, PDGF	[79]
MELK	Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase	9p13.2	Cell cycle-dependent protein kinase	Apoptosis, chemoresistance	RhoA, FAK, Bcl-GL	[84]
Growth and angiogenesis
VEGFA	Vascular endothelial growth factor A	6p21.1	Proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells	Angiogenesis	FAK, PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK pathways	[87]
IRX1	Iroquois homeobox 1	5p15.33	Pattern formation in the embryo	Metastasis, angiogenesis	VEGFA	[90]