Hepatitis C virus G1b infection decreases the number of small low-density lipoprotein particles

Table 1 Particle sizes in each major lipoprotein class and subclass

	Particle size (nm)	Major class	Subclass
1	> 90	CM	-
2	75.0
3	64.0	VLDL	Large VLDL
4	53.6
5	44.5
6	36.8		Medium VLDL
7	31.3		Small VLDL
8	28.6	LDL	Large LDL
9	25.5		Medium LDL
10	23.0		Small LDL
11	20.7
12	18.6		Very small LDL
13	16.7
14	15.0	HDL	Large HDL
15	13.5
16	12.1
17	10.9		Medium HDL
18	9.8		Small HDL
19	8.8
20	7.6

CM: Chylomicron; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Comparison of clinical features between patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus G1b infection (active hepatitis C virus) and cleared hepatitis C virus infection (Sustained virological response)

	Active HCV (n = 82)				SVR (n = 91)				P value
	n (%)	Median	Q1	Q3	n (%)	Median	Q1	Q3
Discrete traits
Sex									0.500
Male	36 (44)				46 (51)
Female	46 (56)				45 (49)
Quantitative traits
Age (yr)		69.0	63.0	74.8		65.0	57.0	73.0	0.048
BMI (kg/m2)		21.9	20.3	24.0		22.5	21.0	24.5	0.145
HbA1c (%)		5.5	5.2	5.8		5.6	5.4	6.0	0.105
Glucose (mg/dL)		105.0	95.0	117.0		104.0	95.0	114.5	0.800
AST (IU/L)		41.0	30.0	74.3		23.0	20.0	28.0	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)		36.5	24.8	58.5		17.0	13.0	23.0	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)		0.7	0.6	0.9		0.7	0.5	0.8	0.040
γ-GTP (IU/L)		30.5	21.0	52.8		21.0	16.0	30.0	< 0.001
Albumin (g/dL)		4.2	3.8	4.3		4.4	4.2	4.6	< 0.001
Platelet (104/μL)		15.5	11.8	20.6		17.3	13.4	21.0	0.048
Lipid profiles
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)		174.5	151.3	192.8		193.0	175.5	216.5	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)		89.5	64.0	116.8		88.0	68.0	135.0	0.700
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)		93.5	77.0	110.5		112.5	93.0	133.5	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)		59.8	47.3	72.2		61.7	51.2	74.0	0.195

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained virological response; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; γ-GTP: γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Effect of chronic active hepatitis C virus infection on particle number of serum lipoproteins analyzed by multiple regression models

	VLDL			LDL			HDL
	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value
Constant	119.1	85.4	0.165	-371.5	414.5	0.371	8693.2	3114.6	0.006
HCV infection (active HCV vs SVR)	-7.5	12.9	0.558	-150.2	62.4	0.017	256.6	468.8	0.585
Age	0.3	0.5	0.583	4.8	2.3	0.041	-39.4	17.5	0.026
Female	-10.7	10.7	0.321	11.6	52.1	0.825	1513.1	391.8	< 0.001
BMI	2.7	1.6	0.083	11.7	7.6	0.125	-72.2	57.0	0.207
ALT	0.1	0.2	0.498	-0.2	1.0	0.815	-16.5	7.43	0.028
Albumin	-13.6	14.6	0.353	213.8	70.8	0.003	2054.6	532.2	< 0.001
Glucose	0.1	0.3	0.614	2.3	1.4	0.094	4.1	10.3	0.692
Platelet	-0.4	0.5	0.369	-0.5	2.2	0.820	37.2	16.4	0.025

VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; SE: Standard error; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained virological response; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.

Table 4 Effect of chronic active hepatitis C virus infection on particle number of four low-density lipoprotein sub-fractions analyzed by multiple regression models

	Large LDL			Medium LDL			Small LDL			Very small LDL
	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value
Constant	206.0	93.4	0.029	-263.6	202.3	0.195	-274.1	139.6	0.051	-39.8	64.6	0.538
HCV infection (Active HCV vs SVR)	0.4	14.1	0.978	-66.4	30.5	0.031	-55.3	21.0	0.009	-28.8	9.7	0.004
Age	0.9	0.5	0.086	2.1	1.1	0.072	1.2	0.8	0.128	0.6	0.4	0.083
Female	42.6	11.7	< 0.001	9.2	25.5	0.719	-29.7	17.6	0.093	-10.5	8.1	0.198
BMI	1.7	1.7	0.308	5.0	3.7	0.177	3.7	2.6	0.151	1.2	1.2	0.297
ALT	0.1	0.2	0.584	-0.1	0.5	0.823	-0.1	0.3	0.726	-0.1	0.2	0.404
Albumin	-14.1	16.0	0.378	121.2	34.6	0.001	80.6	23.8	0.001	26.1	11.0	0.019
Glucose	0.2	0.3	0.519	1.3	0.7	0.060	0.7	0.5	0.149	0.2	0.2	0.412
Platelet	-0.3	0.5	0.507	-0.2	1.1	0.877	0.0	0.7	0.967	-0.04	0.3	0.917

LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; SE: Standard error; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained virological response; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.

Table 5 Effect of chronic active hepatitis C virus infection on the particle number for three very low-density lipoprotein sub-fractions analyzed by multiple regression models

	Large VLDL			Medium VLDL			Small VLDL
	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value
Constant	-18.1	32.1	0.574	21.1	38.9	0.588	116.1	35.0	0.001
HCV infection (active HCV vs SVR)	-6.6	4.8	0.176	-4.0	5.9	0.494	3.0	5.3	0.564
Age	0.03	0.2	0.868	0.05	0.2	0.819	0.2	0.2	0.352
Female	-12.7	4.0	0.002	-7.2	4.9	0.145	9.1	4.4	0.040
BMI	0.9	0.6	0.126	1.1	0.7	0.122	0.7	0.6	0.263
ALT	0.01	0.08	0.878	0.03	0.09	0.750	0.1	0.08	0.247
Albumin	8.8	5.5	0.109	-0.7	6.6	0.912	-21.7	6.0	< 0.001
Glucose	-0.04	0.1	0.679	0.1	0.1	0.477	0.1	0.1	0.413
Platelet	-0.02	0.2	0.903	-0.2	0.2	0.355	-0.2	0.2	0.294

VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; SE: Standard error; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained virological response; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.

Table 6 Effect of chronic active hepatitis C virus infection on the particle number for three high-density lipoprotein sub-fractions analyzed by multiple regression models

	Large HDL			Medium HDL			Small HDL
	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value	B	SE	P value
Constant	4544.7	1510.8	0.003	3499.5	1188.8	0.004	649.0	2033.7	0.750
HCV infection (active HCV vs SVR)	345.1	227.4	0.131	-106.9	178.9	0.551	18.4	306.1	0.952
Age	9.4	8.5	0.272	-18.9	6.7	0.005	-29.9	11.4	< 0.001
Female	494.1	190.0	0.010	719.2	149.5	< 0.001	299.8	255.8	0.243
BMI	-96.1	27.6	0.001	-29.19	21.76	0.182	53.1	37.2	0.156
ALT	-5.6	3.6	0.122	-7.67	2.84	0.008	-3.2	4.9	0.515
Albumin	-136.8	258.2	0.597	361.7	203.1	0.077	1829.7	347.5	< 0.001
Glucose	-5.0	5.0	0.323	5.1	3.9	0.196	3.9	6.7	0.559
Platelet	19.6	8.0	0.015	9.8	6.3	0.122	7.9	10.7	0.463

HDL: High-density lipoprotein; SE: Standard error; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained virological response; BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase.