Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Iran

Table 1 Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in different population groups in Iran

Study population	City or province	Location	Year of study	No. of participants	Age, mean ± SD (age group), yr	No. of positive cases	HEV seroprevalence	HEV diagnosis	Manufacturer of Serology kits	Ref.
General population	Nahavand	West	2003	1824	34.7 ± 19.5 (6 to > 70)	170	9.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Taremi et al[42]
General population	Sari, Mazandaran	North	2003	1080	2 to 25	25	2.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Saffar et al[43]
General population	Tehran and Golestan	North-Center	2006	1423	37.9 ± 13.4 (18 to 65)	105	7.4%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Sepanlou et al[39]
		North-East
General population	Shiraz	South	2011-2012	1030	< 1 to 95	138	13.4%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Asaei et al[40]
						9	0.9%	Anti-HEV IgM
General population	Mashhad	North-East	2009	1582	29.06 ± 18.513 (1 to 90)	225	14.2%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Ahmadi Ghezeldasht et al[35]
General population	Isfahan	Center	2005	816	6 to > 50		3.8%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Ataei et al[41]
General population	Tehran	North-Center	2006-2007	551	41.28 ± 16.96 (1 to 83)	51	9.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Mohebbi et al[44]
General population	Ahvaz	South-West	2014	510	45.89 ± 14.63 (18 to 81)	235	46.1%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Farshadpour et al[36]
						7	1.4%	Anti-HEV IgM
General population	Khorramabad	West	2009	400	36 (> 20)	31	7.8%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	(ND)	Raoofi et al[45]
Soldier	Tehran	North-Center	2006	800	19 ± 1.2 (17 to 23)	9	1.1%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Ghorbani et al[46]
							0.0%	Anti-HEV IgM
Blood donor	Khuzestan	South-West	2005	400	33.3 (18 to 60)	46	11.5%	Anti-HEV IgG	HEV-EIA, Biokit, Spain	Assarehzadegan et al[55]
Blood donor	Tehran	North-Center	2003-2004	90	31.8 ± 11	7	7.8%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Aminiafshar et al[54]
Blood donor	Tabriz	North-West	2004	399	31.4 ± 9.8	31	7.8%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Taremi et al[49]
Blood donor	Markazi	West-Center	2012	530	36.3 ± 11.7 (18 to 71)	76	14.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Ehteram et al[53]
Blood donor	Kerman	South-East	2007-2008	400	20 to 60	31	7.7%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Arabzadeh et al[52]
Blood donor	Tehran	North-Center	2014	559	38 (18 to > 47)	45	8.1%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Hesamizadeh et al[50]
Blood donor	Tehran	North-Center	ND	200	20 to 61	9	4.5%	Anti-HEV antibodies	DRG, Diagnostics,Germany	Keyvani et al[51]
Drug users (addicts)	Hamadan	West	2011-2012	131 (IDUs)	35.57 ± 8.13 (22 to 70)	8	6.1%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Keramat et al[58]
				131 (non-IDUs)	31.57 ± 8.19 (20 to 45)	2	1.5%
Drug users	Ahvaz	South-West	2005-2006	228	34.1 ± 6.1 (18 to 54)	35	15.4%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Alavi et al[57]
				114 (IDUs)		26	22.8%
				66 (Inhalant)		6	9.1%
				48 (Oral opiate)		3	6.2%
Hemodialysis	Hamadan	West	2010	153	< 20 to > 60	30	19.2%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Eini et al[63]
Hemodialysis	Tabriz	North-West	2004	324	53.5 ± 15.1	24	7.4%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Taremi et al[64]
Hemodialysis	Jahrom	South	2007	43	59.3 ± 14.4	3	7.0%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Pourahmad et al[65]
Hemodialysis	Zanjan	West	2011	93	57.0 ± 18.5 (16 to 88)	25	26.9%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Mobaien et al[66]
Hemodialysis	Jahrom and Shiraz	South	2010	80	55.69 ± 14.70 (26 to 80)	5	6.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Zekavat et al[67]
Hemodialysis	Ahvaz	South-West	ND	47	55.27 ± 8.1	5	10.6%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Beladi Mousavi et al[68]
Hemodialysis	Isfahan	Center	2012	274	59.9 ± 16.4 (21 to 80)	78	28.3%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Alavian et al[69]
HCV-infected patients	Tehran	North-Center	ND	100	20 to 61	7	7%	Anti-HEV antibodies	DRG, Diagnostics, Germany	Keyvani et al[51]
HBV-infected patients	Tehran	North-Center	ND	150	20 to 61	17	11.3%	Anti-HEV antibodies	DRG, Diagnostics, Germany	Keyvani et al[51]
Thalassemia patients with chronic hepatitis C	Iran	Iran	2009-2010	64	25.08 ± 6.46 (12 to 76)	1	1.6%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Karimi Elizee et al[56]
Hemophilia patients with chronic hepatitis C	Iran	Iran	2009-2010	155	30.63 ± 11.51 (12 to 76)	5	3.2%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Karimi Elizee et al[56]
GB Virus C positive hemodialysis patients	Gorgan	North-East	2012	22	54.32 ± 12.56	0	0.0%	total anti-HEV	DIA.PRO, Italy	Kelishadi et al[77]
patients with chronic liver disease	Azerbaijan	North-West	2005-2006	200	48.26 ± 18.19 (10 to 87)	55	27.5%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Somi et al[78]
HIV-infected patients	Tehran	North-Center	2012	100	38	10	10%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Ramezani et al[79]
						0	0.0%	Anti-HEV IgM
						0	0.0%	HEV RNA
HIV-infected patients	Shiraz	South	2013	158	39.1 ± 8	26	16.4%	Anti-HEV total antibodies	DIA.PRO, Italy	Joulaei et al[80]
Kidney transplant recipient patients	Urmia	North-West	1991-2010	91	35.4 ± 14.5 (6 to 65)	28	30.8%	Anti-HEV IgG	DIA.PRO, Italy	Rostamzadeh Khameneh et al[81]

ND: Not defined; HEV: Hepatitis E virus.