Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment

Table 1 Cancer secondary to chronic intestinal inflammation

Cancer type	Standardized incidence ratio
Colorectal cancer[3]	5.7 (95%CI: 4.6-7.0)
Small bowel adenocarcinoma[20]	27.1 (95%CI: 14.9-49.2)
Intestinal lymphoma[36]	17.51 (95%CI: 6.43-38.11)
Anal cancer[60]	Data not available
Cholangiocarcinoma[23]	916.63 (95%CI: 297.88-2140.99) in UC

UC: Ulcerative colitis.

Table 2 Cancer secondary to immunosuppression

Increased risk under anti-metabolites	Increased risk under anti-TNFα	Increased risk under anti-metabolite with anti-TNFα
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma[33-35]	Melanoma[42]	Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma[38]
Acute myeloid leukemia and Myelodysplastic syndromes[61]
Non-melanoma skin cancers (basal and squamous cell carcinomas)[39-41]
Urinary tract cancers[62]

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.