Endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for the treatment of gastric varices in children

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 21 patients treated with cyanoacrylate injection therapy n (%)

Clinical characteristics	n = 21
Male/female	8 (38.0)/13 (62.0)
Age (yr), median	8.7 (0.8-17.7)
Height (cm), mean	120 ± 26
Weight (kg), mean	21 ± 14.4
Etiology of the gastric varices
Biliary atresia	9 (42.8)
Portal vein thrombosis	5 (23.7)
Congenital hepatic fibrosis	2 (9.5)
Budd-Chiari syndrome	1 (4.8)
Autoimmune hepatitis	1 (4.8)
Wilson’s disease	1 (4.8)
Hepatic vein obstruction	1 (4.8)
Liver cirrhosis due to cytomegalovirus infection	1 (4.8)
mean PELD score (< 12 yr), mean	3.9 ± 12.8
mean MELD score (≥ 12 yr), mean	12.0 ± 3.0
Receiving β-blocker medication	8 (38.1)
Sarin classification of the gastroesophageal varices
GOV1	16 (76.2)
GOV2	5 (23.8)
Grade of the gastric varices
Grade I	0 (0)
Grade II	9 (42.9)
Grade III	8 (38.1)
Grade IV	4 (19.0)
Form of the gastric varices
F1	0 (0)
F2	15 (71.4)
F3	6 (28.6)

PELD: Pediatric end-stage liver disease; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.

Table 2 Results in the 21 patients who received cyanoacrylate injections n (%)

No. of sessions	Value
1	42 (89.3)
2	5 (10.7)
≥ 3	0 (0)
mean no. of sessions	1.1 ± 0.3
mean single aliquot of cyanoacrylate injection volume (mL) (range)	0.3 ± 0.1 (0.1-0.5)
Successful hemostasis	45 (95.7)/47 (95.7)
mean follow-up duration (mo)	30.2 ± 25.5
Number of rebleeding episodes	11 (52.4)/21 (52.4)
mean duration of hemostasis after EVO (mo)	11.1 ± 11.6
Number of patients with rebleeding within < 12 m	5 (23.8)/21 (23.8)
Treatment-related complications	1 (4.8)/21 (4.8)

EVO: Endoscopic variceal obliteration.