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©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2015; 21(44): 12676-12685
Published online Nov 28, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12676
Published online Nov 28, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12676
Table 1 Sociodemographic features of study subjects (men) and their associations with gastric cancer
n | Person-years | Gastric cancer cases | RR | 95%CI | P value | |
Total | 65553 | 900721 | ||||
Religion | > 0.52 | |||||
Hindu | 47689 | 658303 | 88 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Muslim | 11841 | 160475 | 19 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.5 | |
Christian | 6023 | 81942 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | |
Family income3 | 0.1911 | |||||
< 500 | 4367 | 66066 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.6-2.2 | |
501-1200 | 19460 | 281461 | 41 | 1.0 | ||
1201-2500 | 24794 | 332258 | 37 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.1 | |
2501-3500 | 10839 | 141566 | 14 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.0 | |
3500+ | 6093 | 79370 | 14 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.8 | |
Education | 0.1641 | |||||
Illiterate | 4143 | 52337 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.2-1.1 | |
Primary school | 16917 | 221434 | 49 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Middle school | 17310 | 238947 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.2 | |
High school | 20775 | 298699 | 25 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.1 | |
College | 5703 | 79877 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.1-1.1 | |
Unknown | 705 | 9427 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.1-3.9 | |
Occupation | 0.0082 | |||||
Farmers and fishermen | 21683 | 302651 | 51 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Skilled workers | 12445 | 169094 | 21 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.3 | |
White collars | 13672 | 183094 | 28 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | |
Others | 17753 | 245882 | 16 | 0.4 | 0.2-0.7 |
Table 2 Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking among men
n | Person-years | Gastric cancer cases | RR | 95%CI | P value1 | |
Total | 65553 | 900721 | ||||
Bidi smoking | 0.042 | |||||
Never | 31277 | 441290 | 35 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 5830 | 70584 | 15 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | |
Current | 25403 | 347383 | 62 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.5 | |
Unknown | 3043 | 41464 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.4-3.0 | |
Cigarette smoking | 0.265 | |||||
Never | 29205 | 398841 | 57 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 5603 | 71488 | 18 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.4 | |
Current | 27835 | 390298 | 39 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | |
Unknown | 2910 | 40093 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.1-1.7 | |
Tobacco chewing | > 0.5 | |||||
Never | 42190 | 582656 | 73 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 4383 | 54094 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.6 | |
Current | 18568 | 258317 | 34 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | |
Unknown | 412 | 5653 | 0 | |||
Alcohol drinking | 0.175 | |||||
Never | 33296 | 454553 | 51 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 7857 | 98248 | 16 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.7 | |
Current | 24399 | 347905 | 49 | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | |
Unknown | 1 | 14 | 0 |
Table 3 Gastric cancer risk in relation to bidi smoking among men
Person-years | Gastric cancer cases | RR | 95%CI | P value1 | |
Bidis smoked per day | 0.012 | ||||
Never | 441290 | 35 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 70584 | 15 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | |
1-4 | 40768 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.4-2.8 | |
5-14 | 131494 | 20 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.5 | |
15-24 | 105359 | 23 | 1.9 | 1.1-3.4 | |
≥ 25 | 67303 | 15 | 1.7 | 0.9-3.2 | |
Unknown | 43924 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.3-2.8 | |
Duration of bidi smoking | 0.036 | ||||
Never | 441290 | 35 | 1.0 | Reference | |
1-14 | 141330 | 10 | 1.3 | 0.6-2.8 | |
15-29 | 123435 | 14 | 1.1 | 0.6-2.1 | |
30-44 | 84545 | 30 | 2.0 | 1.2-3.5 | |
≥ 45 | 68393 | 23 | 1.6 | 0.9-3.0 | |
Unknown | 41728 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.4-3.0 | |
Age at start of bidi smoking | 0.161 | ||||
< 18 | 64800 | 14 | 2.0 | 1.0-3.9 | |
18-22 | 172714 | 32 | 1.8 | 1.1-2.9 | |
≥ 23 | 109709 | 16 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.5 | |
Never | 441290 | 35 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Unknown | 41624 | 4 | 0.0 | ||
Years since quitting bidi smoking | 0.424 | ||||
Current smokers | 347383 | 62 | 1.0 | Reference | |
< 5 | 28435 | 6 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | |
5-9 | 18058 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.5-2.9 | |
≥ 10 | 23055 | 4 | 0.6 | 0.2-1.7 | |
Never | 441290 | 35 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.0 | |
Unknown | 42500 | 4 | 0.6 | 0.2-1.7 |
Table 5 Gastric cancer risk in relation to alcohol drinking among men
Person-years | Gastric cancer cases | RR | 95%CI | P value | |
Type of alcohol | |||||
Never drinker | 454152 | 51 | 1.0 | Reference | > 0.51 |
Former drinker | 98248 | 16 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.7 | |
Toddy | 10404 | 3 | 2.3 | 0.7-7.3 | |
Arrack | 60956 | 12 | 1.7 | 0.9-3.3 | |
Foreign | 63835 | 7 | 1.4 | 0.6-3.3 | |
Combination | 209740 | 27 | 1.2 | 0.7-1.9 | |
Other | 3384 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Duration of alcohol consumption | > 0.52 | ||||
Never | 454553 | 51 | 1.0 | Reference | |
1-14 | 148811 | 14 | 1.8 | 1.0-3.3 | |
15-29 | 176222 | 19 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.6 | |
30-44 | 71460 | 26 | 1.4 | 0.9-2.3 | |
≥ 45 | 11079 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.0-2.5 | |
Unknown | 38596 | 5 | 1.3 | 0.5-3.2 | |
Age at start of alcohol drinking | 0.1792 | ||||
< 25 | 146010 | 15 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.7 | |
≥ 25 | 166508 | 29 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.6 | |
Never | 454553 | 51 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Unknown | 35400 | 5 | 1.5 | 0.6-3.7 |
Table 4 Gastric cancer risk in relation to cigarette smoking among men
Person-years | Gastric cancer cases | RR | 95%CI | P value1 | |
Cigarettes smoked per day | 0.212 | ||||
Never | 398841 | 57 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Former | 71488 | 18 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.3 | |
≤ 14 | 357740 | 36 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | |
≥ 15 | 43325 | 3 | 0.6 | 0.2-2.1 | |
Unknown | 29327 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.1-2.5 | |
Duration of cigarette smoking | > 0.5 | ||||
Never | 398841 | 57 | 1.0 | Reference | |
1-14 | 212691 | 12 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.8 | |
15-29 | 134583 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.5 | |
30-44 | 72749 | 18 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | |
≥ 45 | 41727 | 13 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.8 | |
Unknown | 40129 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.1-1.7 | |
Age at start of cigarette smoking | > 0.5 | ||||
< 18 | 53786 | 6 | 0.8 | 0.3-1.9 | |
18-22 | 193597 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 | |
≥ 23 | 143035 | 13 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.3 | |
Never | 398841 | 57 | 1.0 | Reference | |
Unknown | 39974 | 2 | 0.0 | ||
Years since quitting cigarette smoking | 0.109 | ||||
Current smoker | 390298 | 39 | 1.0 | Reference | |
< 5 | 27180 | 7 | 2.0 | 0.9-4.3 | |
5-9 | 18804 | 6 | 2.4 | 1.0-5.6 | |
≥ 10 | 24089 | 5 | 1.4 | 0.5-3.5 | |
Never | 398841 | 57 | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | |
Unknown | 41508 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.1-2.0 |
- Citation: Jayalekshmi PA, Hassani S, Nandakumar A, Koriyama C, Sebastian P, Akiba S. Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in Kerala, India - Karunagappally cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(44): 12676-12685
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v21/i44/12676.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i44.12676