Predictors of the patency of self-expandable metallic stents in malignant gastroduodenal obstruction

Table 1 Characteristics of the patient population, n = 56

Characteristic	n (%)
Mean age, yr (range)	69 (52-91)
Sex (men:women)	36:20 (64.3:35.7)
Chemotherapy	37 (66.1)
Etiology
Gastric cancer	35 (62.5)
Pancreatic cancer	21 (37.5)
Cancer status
Locally advanced	5 (8.9)
Metastasis	51 (91.1)
Stent
Covered	27 (48.2)
Uncovered	29 (51.8)
WHO score
1	49 (12.5)
2	7 (87.5)
GOOSS score
0	19 (33.9)
1	36 (64.2)
2	1 (1.8)
3	0 (0)

GOOSS: Gastric outlet obstruction scoring system; WHO: World Health Organization.

Table 2 Comparison of patient characteristics according to stent failure n (%)

	Stent failure		P value
	Yes (n = 40)	No (n = 16)
Age (yr)	67 ± 13.2	73.9 ± 12.1	0.72
Sex			0.43
Men	27 (67.5)	9 (56.2)
Women	13 (32.5)	7 (43.8)
Procedure time (min)	36.4 ± 19.9	31.5 ± 18.6	0.39
Chemotherapy	29 (72.5)	8 (50)	0.10
Response	13 (32.5)	1 (6.3)	0.09
CEA (ng/mL)	31.1 ± 111.5	5.1 ± 5.9	0.39
Type of stent			0.31
Covered	21 (52.5)	6 (37.5)
Uncovered	19 (47.5)	10 (62.5)
Carcinoma peritonei	14 (35.0)	6 (37.5)	0.86
Cancer stage1			0.47
III	4 (10)	1 (6.2)
IV	36 (90)	15 (93.6)
Gastric cancer
Chemotherapy	19 (73.1)	3 (33.3)	0.03
Covered stent	16 (61.5)	5 (55.6)	0.75
CEA (ng/mL)	44.6 ± 138.3	5.7 ± 6.9	0.44
Pancreatic cancer,
Chemotherapy	10 (71.4)	5 (71.4)	1.00
Covered stent	5 (35.7)	1 (14.3)	0.30
CEA (ng/mL)	7.0 ± 7.1	4.4 ± 4.9	0.42
CA 19-9 (IU/mL)	24.597 ± 73.120	1.731 ± 2.484	0.46
Location of obstruction			0.57
Gastric body	4 (10)	1 (6.2)
Pylorus	22 (55)	7 (43.8)
Duodenum	14 (35)	8 (50)

¹Staged using the seventh edition of the tumor-node-metastasis classification system developed by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Data are reported as the mean ± SD or n (%), as appropriate. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA: Carbohydrate antigen; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 3 Factors associated with stent patency in Cox proportional hazards models

	HR	95%CI	P value
Age	0.99	0.96-1.02	0.604
Sex (male)	2.02	0.94-4.30	0.068
CEA > 6 ng/mL	2.92	1.36-6.25	0.006
WHO score	3.73	1.35-10.31	0.011
Palliative chemotherapy	0.27	0.10-0.72	0.009
Covered stent	2.20	1.06-4.57	0.034
Carcinoma peritonei	2.64	1.16-6.02	0.020

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; WHO: World Health Organization.