Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gallstones: Epidemiological survey in China

doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8912

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 7, 2015; 21(29): 8912-8919
Published online Aug 7, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8912

Table 1 Characteristics of the 20 variables of the 10016 subjects with or without gallstone

Variables	Presence of gallstone(n = 882)	Absence of gallstone(n = 9134)	P value
Age (yr)	56.38 ± 14.72	46.98 ± 11.56	< 0.001^a
BMI (kg/m²)	24.82 ± 3.01	23.77 ± 3.20	< 0.001^a
ALT (U/L)	25.58 ± 19.67	25.87 ± 31.52	0.386
AST (U/L)	24.14 ± 14.30	24.48 ± 24.43	0.001
ALP (U/L)	67.61 ± 20.02	63.24 ± 17.75	< 0.001^a
γ-GTP (U/L)	36.52 ± 42.77	25.26 ± 36.02	< 0.001^a
TC (mmol/L)	4.93 ± 1.07	4.70 ± 1.03	< 0.001^a
TG (mmol/L)	1.80 ± 3.93	1.52 ± 1.25	< 0.001^a
TP (g/L)	73.37 ± 4.39	71.77 ± 5.17	< 0.001^a
T-Bil (umol/L)	13.63 ± 6.67	12.44 ± 5.79	< 0.001^a
HDL-Chol (mmol/L)	1.18 ± 0.37	1.31 ± 2.41	0.091
LDL-Chol (mmol/L)	2.85 ± 6.65	2.60 ± 2.04	0.012
Hb (g/L)	144.81 ± 18.11	148.77 ± 18.30	0.721
H. pylori, n (%)			< 0.001^a
Positive	323 (9.47)	3087 (90.53)
Negative	559 (8.46)	6047 (91.54)
Alcohol intake			< 0.001^a
Yes	545 (10.88)	4463 (89.12)
No	337 (55.89)	4671 (44.11)
Smoking			< 0.001^a
Yes	475 (13.59)	3021 (86.41)
No	407 (6.24)	6113 (93.76)
Gender			0.095
Men	396 (9.10)	3956 (90.90)
Women	486 (8.58)	5178 (91.42)
Anti-HCV
Positive	526 (11.98)	3865 (88.02)	0.001^a
Negtive	356 (6.33)	5269 (93.67)
Fatty liver
Presence	572 (13.05)	3811 (86.95)	< 0.001^a
Absence	310 (5.50)	5323 (94.50)
GB polyp
Presence	402 (10.71)	3350 (89.29)	0.197
Absence	480 (7.67)	5784 (92.33)
Total	882 (8.51)	9134 (92.49)

Data were expressed as mean ± SD of each variable. By applying the Wilcoxon analysis, P values of the 13 continuous variables were calculated. By applying Pearson’s χ² test, P values of the seven categorized variables were calculated.

^aP < 0.05, Presence vs Absence. BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; γ-GTP: Gamma glutamyltransferase; TC: Cholesterin; TG: Triglyceride; TP: Total protein serum; T-Bil: Total bilirubin; HDL-Chol: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-Chol: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hb: Hemoglobin concentration; H. Pylori: Helicobacter pylori; Anti-HCV: Antibodies to HCV; GB polyp: Gallbladder polyp.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis and mutiple logistic analysis of the correlated variables for gallstone

Variables	Multivariate analysis			Mutiple logistic analysis
Variables	β	P value	OR (95%CI)	β	P value	OR (95%CI)
Age	0.056	0.009^a	1.057 (1.045-1.070)	0.055	< 0.001^a	1.056 (1.043-1.070)
Gender (female)	-1.048	< 0.001^a	0.351 (0.265-0.770)
BMI	-0.050	0.105	0.951 (0.845-1.077)
ALP	-0.001	0.610	0.999 (0.839-1.152)
AST	0.712	< 0.001^a	1.048 (1.045-1.092)
γ-GT	0.002	0.260	1.002 (1.045-1.070)
TC	0.017	0.006^a	1.018 (1.006-1.029)
TG	-0.113	0.007^a	0.893 (0.595-0.982)
T-Bil	-0.044	< 0.001^a	0.957 (0.856-1.081)
LDL-Chol	0.001	0.946	1.001 (0.901-1.023)
TP	-0.108	< 0.001^a	0.898 (0.601-0.994)
Helicobacter pylori positive	0.588	< 0.001^a	1.800 (1.386-2.337)	0.109	< 0.001^a	1.454 (1.102-2.521)
Anti-HCV	1.320	< 0.001^a	3.742 (1.426-5.217)	0.123	< 0.001^a	1.871 (1.441-3.681)
Smoking	-0.741	< 0.001^a	0.477 (0.295-0.692)
Alcohol intake	-0.124	0.037	0.883 (0.421-0.911)
Fatty liver	1.339	< 0.001^a	3.814 (1.886-6.023)	0.189	< 0.001^a	1.947 (1.212-3.987)

By applying logistic regression analysis, P values were calculated.

^aP < 0.05. β: Partial regression coefficient; SE: Standard error of partial regression coefficient.

Table 3 Positively correlated variables for gallstone formation stratified by age

Variables	Age (20-39 yr)		Age (40-64 yr)		Age (≥65 yr)
Variables	OR	P value	OR	P value	OR	P value
Gender (female)	0.658	0.054	0.905	0.062	0.714	0.038^a
Helicobacter pylori positive	1.521	0.006^a	1.510	0.015^a	1.324	< 0.001^a
Anti-HCV	0.988	0.004^a	1.598	0.019^a	1.563	0.002^a
Fatty liver	1.582	0.003^a	1.922	< 0.001^a	1.752	< 0.001^a
TC	1.025	0.921	1.520	0.102	0.914	0.023^a
AST	0.382	0.221	1.249	0.024	1.547	< 0.001^a

P values calculated using muitiple logistic regression analysis.

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Prevalence of gallstone in Helicobacter pylori-positive, -eradicated, and -negative subjects n (%)

	Presence of gallstones	Absence of gallstones
Helicobacter pylori positive (without eradication)	323 (9.47)	3087 (90.53)
Helicobacter pylori negative after eradication	90 (9.02)	908 (90.98)
Helicobacter pylori negative (without eradication)	559 (8.46)	6047 (91.54)

Cochran–Armitage test, P < 0.0001, Presence vs Absence.

Citation: Zhang FM, Yu CH, Chen HT, Shen Z, Hu FL, Yuan XP, Xu GQ. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gallstones: Epidemiological survey in China. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(29): 8912-8919
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v21/i29/8912.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8912