Utility of fluorescent cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review

Table 1 Detection rates of biliary and vascular structures using fluorescent cholangiography n (%)

Ref.	Technique	n	CD	CHD	CD-CHD junction	CBD	CA
Larsen et al[17]	LC	35	35 (100)	35 (100)	35 (100)	35 (100)	29 (83.0)
Daskalaki et al[19]	RC	184	180 (97.8)	173 (94.0)	154 (83.6)	177 (96.1)	-
Dip et al[16]	LC	45	44 (97.7)	27 (60.0)	-	36 (80.0)	-
Osayi et al[18]	LC	82	78 (95.1)	57 (69.5)	63 (76.8)	63 (76.8)	-
Dip et al[20]	LC	43	42 (97.6)	25 (58.1)	-	34 (79.1)	-
Verbeek et al[21]	LC	14	14 (100)	-	-	-	-
Buchs et al[22]	SIRC	23	23 (100)	-	-	-	-
Spinoglio et al[23]	SIRC	45	42 (93.0)	40 (80.0)	40 (80.0)	41 (91.0)	-
Schols et al[24]	LC	15	15 (100)	-	-	15 (100)	-
Buchs et al[27]	SIRC	12	11 (91.7)	4 (33.3)	3 (25.0)	6 (50.0)	-
Kaneko et al[25]	LC	28	26 (92.9)	27 (96.4)	-	-	25 (89)
Ishizawa et al[28]	SILC	7	5 (71.4)	7 (100)	7 (100)	-	4 (57.1)
Aoki et al[30]	LC	14	10 (71.4)	-	-	10 (71.4)	-
Ishizawa et al[32]	LC	52	52 (100)	50 (96.2)	50 (96.2)	-	-
Ishizawa et al[32]	LC	1	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	-	-
Weighted average, % (95%CI)			96.2 (94.7-97.7)	78.1 (74.8-81.4)	72.0 (69.0-75.0)	86.0 (83.3-88.8)	69.4 (61.8-77.1)

CA: Cystic artery; CBD: Common bile duct; CD: Cystic duct; CHD: Common hepatic duct; LC: Standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy; RC: Robotic cholecystectomy; SILC: Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy; SIRC: Single-incision roboticcholecystectomy.

Table 2 Identification of biliary structures before and after Calot’s dissection

Vascular structure	Ishizawa et al[14]		Osayi et al[18]		Spinoglio et al[23]		Buchs et al[22]		Weighted average, % (95%CI)
	n/total	%	n/total	%	n/total	%	n/total	%
Before dissection of Calot’s triangle
CD	52/52	100.0	46/82	56.1	42/45	93.3	11/12	91.7	79.1 (74.0-84.1)
CHD	50/52	96.1	29/82	35.4	40/45	88.8	4/12	33.3	64.4 (59.0-69.8)
CBD	-	-	31/82	37.8	41/45	91.1	6/12	50.0	56.1 (48.9-63.3)
CD-CHD junction	50/52	96.1	20/82	24.4	40/45	88.8	3/12	25.0	59.1 (54.1-64.1)
After dissection of Calot’s triangle
CD	52/52	100.0	78/82	95.1	44/45	97.7	12/12	100.0	97.4 (94.9-99.8)
CHD	52/52	100.0	57/82	69.5	44/45	97.7	8/12	66.6	84.3 (79.6-89.0)
CBD	-	-	63/82	76.8	44/45	97.7	10/12	83.3	84.1 (78.3-90.0)
CD-CHD junction	52/52	100.0	63/82	76.8	44/45	97.7	7/12	58.3	86.9 (82.5-91.3)

CD: Cystic duct; CHD: Common hepatic duct; CBD: Common biliary duct.

Table 3 Identification of biliary structures using fluorescent cholangiography in obese patients

Vascular structure	Daskalaki et al[19]		Osayi et al[18]		Buchs et al[22]		Weighted average, % (95%CI)
	n/total	%	n/total	%	n/total	%
BMI > 30 kg/m2
CD	99/102	97.0	36/39	92.3	2/2	100	95.8 (92.5-99.0)
CHD	96/102	94.1	24/39	61.5	0/2	0	83.9 (80.0-87.8)
CBD	97/102	95.0	28/39	71.8	1/2	50	88.0 (83.1-93.0)
CD-CHD junction	84/102	82.3	26/39	66.6	0/2	0	76.9 (70.2-83.5)
BMI < 30 kg/m2
CD	81/82	98.8	42/43	97.7	9/10	90	97.1 (94.6-99.5)
CHD	77/82	93.9	33/43	76.7	4/10	40	84.4 (78.8-90.0)
CBD	80/82	97.5	35/43	81.4	5/10	50	88.9 (84.0-93.7)
CD-CHD junction	70/82	85.3	37/43	86.0	3/10	30	81.4 (75.3-87.5)

BMI: Body mass index; CBD: Common biliary duct; CD: Cystic duct; CHD: Common hepatic duct.

Table 4 Identification of biliary structures using fluorescent cholangiography in patients with acute cholecystitis

Vascular structure	Daskalaki et al[19]		Dip et al[20]
	n/ total	%	n/total	%
CD	22/24	91.6	-	94.5
CHD	19/24	79.1	-	57.0
CBD	19/24	79.1	-	72.0
CD-CHD junction	18/24	75.0	-	-

CBD: Common biliary duct; CD: Cystic duct; CHD: Common hepatic duct.