Ezetimibe improves hepatic steatosis in relation to autophagy in obese and diabetic rats

Table 1 Primers used for real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction

Organism	Gene	Forward primer	Reverse primer
Human	ATG5	CAACTTGTTTCACGCTATATCAGG	CACTTTGTCAGTTACCAACGTCA
	ATG6	GGATGGTGTCTCTCGCAGAT	TTGGCACTTTCTGTGGACAT
	ATG7	CCGTGGAATTGATGGTATCTG	TCATCCGATCGTCACTGCT
	GAPDH	AGCCACATCGCTCAGACAC	GCCCAATACGACCAAATCC
Rat	β-actin	CCTGTATGCCTCTGGTCGTA	CCATCTCTTGCTCGAAGTCT
	ATG5	CTGTTCGATCTTCTTGCATCA	TCCTTTTCTGGAAAACTCTTGAA
	ATG6	CAGGCGAAACCAGGAGAG	CGAGTTTCAATAAATGGCTCCT
	ATG7	TTCTTAGAAGATTTGACTGGTCTTACA	TCACTCATGTCCCAGATCTCA

ATG: Autophagy-related gene; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Table 2 Metabolic characteristics of the LETO control and control or ezetimibe-treated OLETF

	LETO control(n = 3)	OLETF control(n = 5)	OLETF Ezetimibe(n = 6)
Body weight (g)	524.00 ± 1.15b	617.67 ± 23.29	642.29 ± 20.47
Daily food intake (g)	3.61 ± 0.12b	5.06 ± 0.30	4.62 ± 0.13
Liver tissue weight (%BW)	2.52 ± 0.05a	3.60 ± 0.29	2.90 ± 0.10a
Serum concentration
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.24 ± 0.01b	10.23 ± 0.13	7.25 ± 0.08b
Insulin (ng/mL)	0.10 ± 0.002b	0.82 ± 0.08	0.29 ± 0.05b
HOMA-IR	0.57 ± 0.01b	3.84 ± 0.26	1.75 ± 0.04b
TG (mmol/L)	4.56 ± 0.08b	12.94 ± 0.94	9.83 ± 0.94a
FFA (mmol/L)	0.37 ± 0.01b	0.69 ± 0.02	0.51 ± 0.02b
TC (μmol/L)	124.02 ± 4.34b	466.22 ± 12.32	255.08 ± 5.10b
Liver concentration
TG (mmol/mg protein)	14.75 ± 0.72b	22.72 ± 1.21	6.66 ± 1.01b
FFA (nmol/mg protein)	9.93 ± 0.64b	18.90 ± 1.35	13.10 ± 0.60b
TC (nmol/mg protein)	4.74 ± 0.41b	17.81 ± 0.98	12.66 ± 0.50b

Data are expressed as the mean ± SE.

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs OLETF control. BW: Body weight; FFA: Free fatty acids; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.